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Finals > Dermatology > Flashcards

Dermatology Flashcards

1
Q

Functions of skin

A
  1. Protective barrier against environmental insults
  2. Temperature regulation
  3. Sensation
  4. Vitamin D synthesis
  5. Immunosurveillance
  6. Appearance/cosmesis
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2
Q

Skin appendages (4)

A
  1. Hair
  2. Nails
  3. Sebaceous glands
  4. Sweat glands
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3
Q

4 major cell types in epidermis and their roles

A
  1. Keratinocytes -produce keratin as a protective barrier
  2. Langerhan’s cells - present antigens and activate T-lymphocytes for immune protection
  3. Melanocytes - produce melanin, which gives pigment to the skin and protects cell nuclei from UV radiation-induced DNA damage
  4. Merkel cells - contain specialised nerve endings for sensation
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4
Q

4 skin layers and composition

A
  1. Stratum basale (basal cell layer) - actively dividing cells, deepest layer
  2. Stratum spinosum (prickle cell layer) - differentiating cells
  3. Stratum granulosum (granular cell layer) - cells lose their nuclei and contain granules of keratohyaline, Secrete lipid into the intercellular spaces
  4. Stratum corneum (horny layer) - layer of keratin, most superficial layer
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5
Q

What extra skin layer might you find on the sole of the foot?

A

Stratum lucidum - beneath the stratum corneum. Consists of paler, compact keratin.

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6
Q

Pathology of the epidermis

A
  1. Changes in epidermal turnover time, e.g. psoriasis = reduced
  2. Changes to surface of skin or loss of epidermis, e.g. scales, crusting, exudate, ulcer
  3. Changes in pigmentation (hypo or hyper)
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7
Q

What is the dermis made up of?

A
  • Primarily collagen
  • Elastin
  • Glycosaminoglycans (synthesised by fibroblasts)

Also contains:

  • Immune cells
  • Nerves
  • Skin appendages
  • Lymphatics
  • Blood vessels
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8
Q

Pathology of the dermis

A
  1. Changes in contour of skin or loss of dermis, e.g. papules, nodules, skin atrophy
  2. Disorders of skn appendages, e.g. hair, acne (sebaceous glands)
  3. Changes related to lymphatic and blood vessels
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9
Q

List some outcomes of changes to lymphatic and blood vessels in dermis

A
  • Erythema (vasodilation)
  • Urticaria (increased permeability of capillaries and small vessels)
  • Purpura (capillary leakage)
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10
Q

3 types of hair

A
  • Lanugo hair (fine long hair in fetus)
  • Vellus hair (fine short hair on all body surfaces)
  • Terminal hair (coarse long hair on scalp, eyebrows, eyelashes, pubic areas)
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11
Q

What does a single hair consist of

A
  • Modified keratin

Divided into:

  • Hair shaft (keratinised tube)
  • Hair bulb (actively dividing cells and melanocytes)
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12
Q

Hair growth cycle

A
  1. Anagen (long growing phase)
  2. Catagen (short regressing phase)
  3. Telogen (resting/shredding phase)
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13
Q

Hair pathology

A
  1. Reduced or absent melanin pigment production (grey/white hair)
  2. Changes in duration of growth cycles, e.g. hair loss = premature entry of hair follicles into telogen phase
  3. Shaft abnormalities
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14
Q

Nail

Made up of?

A
  • Nail plate (hard keratin)
  • Arises from nail matrix at posterior nail fold
  • Nail bed contains blood capillaries
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15
Q

Nail pathologies

A
  • Abnormalities of nail matrix (pits and ridges)
  • Abnormalities of nail beds (splinter haemorrhages
  • Abnormalities of nail plate (discoloured nails, thickening of nails)
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16
Q

Sebaceous glands

PHysiology

A
  • Produced sebum via hair follicles
  • Secrete sebum onto skin surface to lubricate and waterproof the skin
  • Are stimulated by conversion of androgens to dihydrotestosterone (become active during puberty)
17
Q

Pathology of sebaceous glands

A
  • Increased sebum production can leas to bacterial colonisation, e.g. acne
  • Sebaceous gland hyperplasia
18
Q

Sweat glands

Physiology

A
  • Regulate body temp

- Innervated by sympathetic nervous system

19
Q

Sweat glands

Two types

A
  1. Eccrine - distributed in the skin
  2. Apocrine - found in axillae, aerolae, genitalia, anus and modified glands are found in external auditory canal. Only function from puberty onwards. Bacteria action on sweat causes body odour.
20
Q

Pathology of sweat glands

A
  1. Inflammation/infection of apocrine glands (hidradenitis suppurativa)
  2. Overactivity of eccrine glands (hyperhidrosis)
21
Q

Principle of wound healing

4 stages

A
  1. Haemostasis
  2. Inflammation
  3. Proliferation
  4. Remodelling
22
Q

Haemostasis processes

A
  • Vasoconstriction and platelet aggregation

- Clot formation

23
Q

Inflammation processes

A
  • Vasodilation
  • Migration of neutrophils and macrophages
  • Phagocytosis of cellular debris and invading bacteria
24
Q

Proliferation processes

A
  • Granulation tissue formation (synthesised by fibroblasts) and angiogenesis
  • Re-epithelialisation (epidermal cell proliferation and migration)
25
Q

Remodelling processes

A
  • collagen fibre re-organisation

- scar maturation

Finals (21 decks)

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