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Paediatrics > Derm/ENT/Opthalm | > Flashcards

Derm/ENT/Opthalm | Flashcards

1
Q

At what age do children usually present with atopic eczema?

What age is it uncommon in?

A

1st year of life

Uncommon in first 2 months of life

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2
Q

What is the pathogenesis of eczema?

A

Uncertain - Enhanced antigen penetration with a genetic defect in skin barrier function
Positive family history is present

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3
Q

What are possible exacerbating factors of eczema (5)?

A
  1. Infections
  2. Allergens (chemicals, food, dust)
  3. Sweating
  4. Heat
  5. Severe stress
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4
Q

What would you check for in the family history for a child with eczema (3)?

A

Family Hx of atopic disorders:

  1. Eczema
  2. Asthma
  3. Allergic rhinitis
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5
Q

What are the clinical features of eczema (4)?

A
  1. Itchy rash - pruritis is the main symptoms at all ages, resulting in scratching and exacerbation of rash
  2. Excoriated areas become erythematous, weeping and crusted
  3. Dry skin
  4. Scratching and rubbing of skin can lead to lichenification
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6
Q

What are the ddx for an itchy rash (8)?

A
  1. Atopic eczema
  2. Chickenpox
  3. Urticaria/allergic reactions
  4. Contact dermatitis
  5. Insect bites
  6. Scabies
  7. Fungal infections
  8. Pityriasis rosea
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7
Q

What is the stepwise management of eczema (6)?

A
  1. Regular emollients
  2. Topical corticosteroids
  3. Wet wraps/specialised clothing
  4. Phototherapy
  5. Systemic therapy
    - Oral steroids
    - Ciclosporin
    - Methotrexate
  6. Also avoid exacerbating factors
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8
Q

What is the main defining feature of eczema?

A

Itchy rash

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9
Q

What investigations should be done in eczema (3)?

A
  1. Investigations to exclude ddx
  2. Identify triggers
  3. Consider screening by skin prick or IgE blood test
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10
Q

What are the different severities of eczema (5)?

A
  1. Clear - no eczema
  2. Mild - areas of dry skin and infrequent itching (with or without small areas of redness)
  3. Moderate - areas of dry skin, frequent itching and redness (with or withoutexcoriation and localised skin thickening
  4. Severe - widespread areas of dry skin, incessant itching and redness (with or without excoriation, extensive skin thickening, bleeding, oozing, cracking and alteration of pigmentation)
  5. Infected - if eczema is weeping, crusted, or there are pustules with fever or malaise.
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11
Q

What is the management for mild eczema (3)?

A
  1. Generous amounts of emollient
  2. Consider a mild topical steroid e.g. hydrocortisone 1% for areas of red skin
  3. Avoid triggers
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12
Q

What is the management for moderate eczema (5)?

A
  1. Generous amounts of emollients
  2. If skin is inflamed, prescribe moderately potent topical steroid e.g. Eumovate
  3. Prescribe mild potency corticosteroid for delicate areas of skin
  4. Avoid triggers
  5. Consider mittens for young infants to stop scratching at night
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13
Q

What is the management for severe eczema (9)?

A
  1. Generous amounts of emollients
  2. Potent topical steroid e.g. Betnovate
  3. Mild-moderate potency steroid for delicate areas
  4. Dry bandages may help
  5. Consider oral corticosteroid
  6. If severe itching, consider antihistamine e.g. cetirizine
  7. Avoid triggers
  8. Consider mittens
  9. May need psychological support if causing distress
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14
Q

What would you advise parents of children with eczema with regards to avoiding irritants and precipitants (3)?

A
  1. Stop soap and biological detergents
  2. Clothing next to skin should be pure cotton, avoiding nylon and pure woolen garments
  3. Nails need to be cut short to reduce skin damage from scratching, mittens at night
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15
Q

How would you advise the parent of a child with eczema to use an emollient (3)?

A
  1. Apply liberally 2 or more times a day and after a bath to moisturise and soften skin.
  2. Ointments are preferable to creams when skin is very dry
  3. A daily or alternate day bath using emollient oil as a soap substitute can help
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16
Q

How do you treat infected eczema?

A

Mild infection - Topical Abx with hydrocortisone

Widespread or severe infection - systemic Abx

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17
Q

How would you advise the parent of a child with eczema to use topical corticosteroids (3)?

A
  1. Mildly potent topical steroids can be applied to eczema areas once or twice daily
  2. Moderately potent topical steroids should be used in acute exacerbations but use should be kept to a minimum
  3. Mod potency steroids -
    apply cream thinly and use on face should be generally avoided due to side effects of skin thinning
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18
Q

What must you check/ask parents if a child does not seem to be responding to treatment for eczema?

A

Check they are using the creams - how often are you applying it? How long does it take to get through one tube of cream?

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19
Q

How does herpes manifest cutaneously (3)?

A
  1. Core sores - recurrent lesions on gingival/lip margin in the same place
  2. Eczema herpeticum - Widespread vesicular lesions develop on eczematous skin
  3. Herpetic whitlows - painful erythematous, oedematous white pustules on the site of broken skin, especially fingers
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20
Q

What is the first line treatment for herpes?

A

Aciclovir

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21
Q

What is impetigo? What is it caused by?

A

A localised, high contagious, staphylococcal or streptococcal skin infection

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22
Q

Which group of people are most susceptible to impetigo?

A

Infants and young children

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23
Q

What is a risk factor for impetigo?

A

Having a pre-existing skin disease e.g.eczema

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24
Q

Where are impetigo lesions usually found (3)?

A

Face
Neck
Hands

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25
Q

Describe the lesions present with impetigo (3)

A
  1. Begin as erythematous macules that may become vesicular/pustular or even bullous
  2. Rupture of the vesicles with exudation of fluid leads to confluent honey-coloured crusted lesions
  3. Infection is readily spread to adjacent areas by autoinoculation of the infected exudate
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26
Q

How are different severities of impetigo managed?

A

Mild: Topical Abx e.g. mupirocin

Moderate-severe: Flucloxacillin or co-amoxiclav

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27
Q

What advice would you give to parents of children with impetigo?

A

Avoid nursery/school until lesions are dry

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28
Q

What is Staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome (SSSS)? What is its cause?

A

Caused by an exfoliative staphlococcal toxin which causes separation of the epideral skin through the granular cell layers

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29
Q

Which age group are more commonly affected by SSSS?

A

Infants and young children

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30
Q

What are the clinical features of SSSS (6)?

A
  1. Fever
  2. Malaise
  3. Purulent, crusting and localised infection around the eyes, nose and mouth
  4. Widespread erythema and tenderness of skin
  5. Areas of epidermis separate on gentle pressure - Nikolsky sign, leaving denuded areas of skin
  6. Subsequently they dry and heal, generally without scarring
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31
Q

How is SSSS managed (3)?

A
  1. IV antistaphlococcal abx e.g. flucloxacillin
  2. Analgesia
  3. Monitoring of hydration and fluid balance
32
Q

How does urticaria present (2)?

A

Hives or redness

33
Q

What is the pathophysiology of urticaria?

A

Activation of mast cells which release histamine causing itchiness.
Also leads to local vasodilation and increased permeability of capillaries and venules

34
Q

What are some causes of acute urticaria (2)? How long does the rash last with each type?

A
  1. Viral infection (rash lasts a few days)

2. Allergen exposure (rash lasts for hours)

35
Q

when does urticaria lead to angioedema? Where does angioedema usually occur?

A

When urticaria involves deeper tissues to produce swelling

Lips and soft tissues around eyes

36
Q

What is complication associated with allergy, especially food allergy?

A

Anaphylaxis

37
Q

How is urticaria treated?

A

Non-sedating antihistamines

38
Q

What are the clinical features of a primary varicella rash (5)?

A
  1. 50-500 lesions start on head and trunk, progressing to peripheries
  2. Appear as crops of papules, vesicles with surrounding erythema and pustules at different times for up to 1 week
  3. Lesions may occur on the palate
  4. Itchy and scratching can lead to a permanent, depigmented scar formation or secondary infection
  5. New lesions appearing beyond 10 days suggest defective cellular immunity
39
Q

What are the clinical features of a secondary varicella rash?

A

Vesicular eruption in the dermatomal distribution of sensory nerves, most commonly on the thoracic region

40
Q

What is the pathophysiology of acne (4)?

A
  1. 1-2 years before onset of puberty, increased androgenic stimulation of the sebaceous glands occur
  2. Increased sebum excretion rate also occurs
  3. Obstruction to the flow of sebum in the sebaceous follicle initiates the process of acne
  4. Inflammation is also present
41
Q

What are the different lesions present in acne (6)?

A
  1. Open comodones - blackheads
  2. Closed comodones - whiteheads
    These progress to:
  3. Papules
  4. Pustules
  5. Nodules
  6. Cysts
42
Q

What is the 1st line treatment for acne?

A

Topical treatment:
Usually: Benzoyl peroxide

OR topical Abx/retinoids

43
Q

What yeast infection normally complicates nappy rash?

A

Candida

44
Q

What are the clinical features of a nappy rash infected with candida (3)?

A

Rash is:

  1. Erythematous
  2. Affects skin flexures
  3. May be satellite lesions
45
Q

What is the treatment of nappy rash infected with candida?

A

Topical antifungal agent

46
Q

What are the features of the rash of erythema multiforme?

A

Target lesions with a central papule surrounded by an erythematous ring
Lesions can be vesicular or bullous

47
Q

What are some causes of erythema multiforme (5)?

A
  1. Herpes simplex
  2. Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection
  3. Other infections
  4. Drug reaction
  5. Idiopathic
48
Q

What are the features of the rash of erythema nodosum?

What are some possible non-cutaneous manifestations (2)?

A

Tender nodules over the legs

  1. Fever
  2. Arthralgia
49
Q

What are some causes of erythema nodosum (5)?

A
  1. Streptococcal infection
  2. Primary tuberculosis
  3. IBD
  4. Drug reaction
  5. Idiopathic
50
Q

What type of skin infection does ‘ringworm’ describe?

A

Fungal infections with dermatophyte fungi, which invade dead keratinous structures, such as the horny layer of the skin, nails and hair

51
Q

What does the term ‘ringworm’ describe?

A

The ringed (annular) appearance of skin lesions caused by fungal infections.

52
Q

What is a kerion?

A

A severe inflammatory pustular ringworm patch

53
Q

What are the clinical features of tinea capitis?

A

Scaling and patchy alopecia with broken hairs

54
Q

What is the 1st line treatment of fungal infections?

A

Topical antifungal preparations

55
Q

What is pediculosis capitis?

A

Head lice infestation

56
Q

How does pediculosis capitis present (4)?

A
  1. Itching of scalp or nape
  2. Identifying live head lice on scalp
  3. Identifying nits (empty egg cases) on hairs
  4. Suboccipital lymphadenopathy
57
Q

What is the medical and non-medical treatment for head lice (2)?

A
  1. Demeticone 4% lotion or an aq solution of malathion 0.5% is rubbed onto hair and scalp, and left overnight and hair shampooed following morning. Repeated a week later
  2. Wet-combing with a fine-tooth comb to remove live lice every 3-4 days for at least 2 weeks
58
Q

What is the most common type of psoriasis present in children?

A

Guttate psoriasis

59
Q

What is a common trigger for guttate psoriasis?

A

Streptococcal or viral sore throat or ear infection

60
Q

What are the clinical features of guttate psoriasis rashes (2)?

A
  1. Small, raindrop-like

2. Round or oval erythematous scaly patches on the trunk and upper limbs

61
Q

How long does an attack of guttate psoriasis usually last for?

A

3-4 months

62
Q

What is the treatment for guttate psoriasis?

A

Bland ointments

63
Q

What is the treatment for plaque psoriasis (2)?

A
  1. Coal tar preparations

2. Calcipotriol. a Vit D analogue

64
Q

What is scabies caused by?

A

Infestation with the eight-legged mite ‘Sarcoptes scabiei’ which burrows down the epidermis along the stratum corneum

65
Q

What are the clinical features of scabies (5)?

A
  1. Severe itching 2-6 weeks after infestation
  2. Itching worse in warm conditions and at night
  3. Papular (pimple-like) itch
  4. Burrows in the skin - pathognomonic
  5. Vesicles
66
Q

Where is the scabies rash usually distributed (4)?

A
  1. Skin between fingers and toes, axillae
  2. Flexor aspects of the wrists, belt line
  3. Around nipples, penis and buttocks
  4. Palms, soles and trunk in young infants/children
67
Q

What is a helpful indicator of scabies in the history?

A

Itching in other family members

68
Q

What is the treatment for scabies (3)?

A

Whole family should be treated, whether or not there is evidence of manifestation

  1. Permethrin cream 5% applied below neck to all areas and washed off after 8-12 hours.
    OR
  2. Benzyl benzoate emulsion (25%) applied below the neck only left on for 12 hours
    OR
  3. Malathion lotion (0.5% aq) below neck and left on for 12 hours
69
Q

What is the infantile seborrhoeic dermatitis/cradle cap?

A

Seborrhoeic dermatitis is a papulosquamous disorder affecting the areas with most sebum, such as the scalp, face, and trunk. This is thought to be due to a reaction to the yeast Malassezia spp

70
Q

What age does cradle cap usually present at?

A

In the first 3 months of life

71
Q

What are the clinical features of cradle cap (4)?

A
  1. Starts on scalp as an erythematous scaly eruption
  2. Scales form a thick yellow adherent layer - cradle cap
  3. Scaly rash may spread to the face, behind ears and extends to flexure and napkin area.
  4. Not itchy, and child is not affected by it
72
Q

What is the risk of cradle cap?

A

Increased risk of developing atopic eczema

73
Q

What is the treatment for cradle cap (3)?

A
  1. Mild cases - emollients
  2. Scales on the scalp - Ointment containing low-conc sulphur and salicylic acid applied to the scalp daily for a few hours and washed off
  3. Widespread body eruption - mild topical corticosteroid either alone or mixed with an antibacterial and antifungal agent
74
Q

What are the clinical features of viral warts (2)?

A
  1. Usually on fingers and soles (verrucas)

2. Typically small, rough, and hard growths that are similar in color to the rest of the skin

75
Q

What are the treatments for viral warts (3)?

A
  1. Most disappear spontaneously over a few months or years but treated if painful or cosmetic problem
  2. Daily application of a proprietary salicylic acid and lactic acid paint or glutaraldehyde (10%) lotion
  3. Cryotherapy for older children as it is painful and needs repeated application

Paediatrics (15 decks)

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