Derm A&P Flashcards
4 types of Human Tissue
- Muscle Tissue
- Nervous Tissue
- Epithelial Tissue
- Connective Tissue
Which of the 4 human tissues:
- Generates the physical force to make the body structures move
- Arranged in bundles
- Contractile cells provide the ability to move the body in three dimensions
- Well supplied with blood vessels (lots of energy & waste requirements
Muscle Tissue
Which of the 4 human tissues:
- Detects changes inside/outside the body
- Initiates & transmits nerve impulses that coordinate body activities & help maintain homeostasis
Nervous tissue
What is the Integumentary System is comprised of?
- Skin, Hair, Nails
- Accessory Structures
What is the Medical term for skin and main portion of the integumentary system?
Epithelium
What covers body surfaces; lines body cavities, hollow organs and ducts (tubes); and forms glands?
Epithelial Tissue
Which of the 4 human tissues:
- Protects and supports the body and its organs
- Binds organs together
- Stores energy reserves as fat
- Provides immunity
Connective Tissue
What provides contact or adhesion between neighboring cells or between a cell and extracellular matrix.
Cell junctions
What are the 2 categories of epithelial tissue?
- Covering and lining epithelium
- Glandular epithelium
Which category of epithelial tissue:
- Covers external surfaces of the body and some internal organs
- Lines body cavities, blood vessels, and ducts
- Lines interior of respiratory, GI, urinary and reproductive systems
- Integral part of sense organs for hearing, vision and touch
Covering and lining epithelium
Which category of epithelial tissue:
- Secreting portion of the glands, such as sweat glands
Glandular epithelium
What are the layers of the epithelial tissue?
- Apical layer
- Basal layer
- Basement Membrane
What is the most Most superficial layer of cells of epithelial tissue
Apical layer
What is the Deepest layer of the cell of epithelial tissue
Basal layer
Which layer of the epithelial tissue describes the following:
- Thin extracellular structure composed mostly of protein fibers
- Located between the epithelium and underlying connective tissue layer
- Helps to bind and support the epithelium
Basement membrane
Functions of squamous epithelium
- Thin, flat shape allows rapid passage of substances through them
- Can be keratinized or non-keratinized; “wet” or “dry”
- Found in areas such as the lining of the esophagus, mouth and cervix
Which epithelial is shaped like pancakes?
Squamous Epithelium
Which epithelial is shaped like the tesseract in Captain America
Cuboidal Epithelium
Functions of cuboidal epithelium
- Tall as they are wide and shaped like cubes or hexagons
- Frequently have microvilli at apical surface
- Function in either secretion or absorption
- Found in areas such as the salivary glands and thyroid follicles
Which epithelial cell is shaped like the column block in Tetris?
Columnar Epithelium
Functions of transitional epithelium
- Able to change shape from flat to cuboidal and back depending on tension & distention of tissue.
- Useful for organs such as the urinary bladder, when it is stretching (distend) to a larger size and then as it collapses to a smaller size.
Functions of columnar epithelium
- Taller than they are wide
- Protect underlying tissues
- Apical surfaces may have cilia or microvilli
- Often specialized for secretion and absorption
- Lines most organs of the GI tract, respiratory tract, and fallopian tubes
What is shaped like the T-1000 in T2: Judgement day
Transitional Epithelium
What kind of epithelial layer describes the following:
- single layer of cells that functions in diffusion, osmosis, filtration, secretion and absorption.
Simple Epithelium
What kind of epithelial layer describes the following:
- not a true stratified layer
- contains goblet cells, which secrete mucus and are an integral part of mucous membranes
Pseudostratified Epithelium
What is the main difference between a simple epithelium and stratified epithelium
- Simple Epithelium = 1 layer
- Stratified Epithelium = > 1 layer
What are the 2 forms of locomotion Cilia provides?
- Movement of the cell itself (like bacteria) or some parasites
- Movement of particles or substances across or around the cell
What helps remove contaminants or move particles by moving fluids over the cell layers
Ex. - The lining of the nasopharynx and the trachea
- Fallopian tubes
Cillia
Describe microvilli on epithelial cells
- increase the surface area of a cell by multiplying the area from 2 dimensions to 3 dimensions
- enable the absorption and secretion of far more nutrients/material because they expand the active surface area by orders of magnitude.
What is a highly-insoluble fibrous protein with water-proofing qualities & high friction resistance
Keratin
What describes the following:
- Epithelial cells infused with keratin in the stratum basale of the epidermis are called
- lose their nucleus and organelles to make room for keratin; they are no longer living cells
keratinocytes
- Found on wet/interior surfaces exposed to considerablewear& tear
- Found in the lining of mouth cavity, tongue, pharynx, esophagus and vagina
Non-keratinized epithelium
- Found on dry/outer surfaces where resistance to both friction & water is needed
- Outer epidermis consists of keratinocytes that provide protection against water, friction, abrasion, and microorganisms
Keratinized stratified epithelium
What Supports & physically connects other tissues/cells together to form the organs of the body.
Connective Tissue
Epithelial tissue has what ratio of cells to extracellular space (matrix)
More cells
Less extracellular space (matrix)
Connective tissue has what ratio of cells to extracellular space (matrix)
Less cells
More extracellular space (matrix)
Connective tissue typically has what 3 components?
- Resident Cells
- Extracellular Matrix (ECM)
- Protein fibers
What portion of COnnective Tissue describes the following:
- extracellular material produced by the connective tissue cells embedded within it. Major component of the matrix is ground substance crisscrossed by protein fibers.
- Ground substance is fluid, mineralized or solid
Matrix
What connective tissue cell is described by the following:
- Most common cells in connective tissue
- Produce & maintain most of the tissue’s extracellular components
- Synthesizes & secretes collagen and elastin
- Major component of the reparative capacity of connective tissue
Fibroblast
What connective tissue cell is described by the following:
- AKA fat cells or adipose cells or adipose tissue
- Specialized for cytoplasmic storage of lipid as neutral fats, or less commonly for production of heat
- serves to cushion and insulate the skin and other organs
Adipocytes
What connective tissue cell is described by the following:
- Components of loose connective tissues, often located near small blood vessels in the skin
- Function in localized release of compounds important to inflammatory response, innate immunity, and tissue repair
Mast cells
What connective tissue fiber is described by the following:
- Abundant (25% of all protein in body)
- Very strong and resistant to shear forces
- Key element of all connective tissues, as well as epithelial basement membranes
Collagen fibers
What connective tissue fiber is described by the following:
- Composed of elastin
- Strength and elasticity
- Have rubberlike properties that allow tissue containing these fibers to be stretched or distended and return to their original shape
- Found in areas such as the stroma of the lungs
Reticular Fibers
What membrane describes the following:
- Line entire GI, respiratory, reproductive, and much of the urinary system
- Epithelial layer secretes mucous (mucin) via goblet cells.
Mucous Membranes
What membrane describes the following:
- Lines body cavity that doesn’t open directly to exterior & covers organs that lie within the cavity
Serous Membranes
What serous membrane is attached to cavity wall?
Parietal
What serous membrane is the part that covers and attaches to the organs?
Visceral
What serous membrane secretes serous fluid and provides lubrication for organ movement
Mesothelium
What is the name of the serous membrane that lines thoracic cavity and covers the lungs?
Pleura
What is the name of the serous membrane that lines the heart cavity and covers the heart?
Pericardium
What is the name of the serous membrane that lines abdominal cavity and abdominal organs?
Peritoneum
What membrane describes the following:
- Lines joints and contains connective tissue
- Areolar connective tissue with collagen and adipose
- No epithelial layer
- Secrete synovial fluid
Synovial Membranes
What is the layer of the skin that is the Surface Layer
Epidermis
Characteristics of the epidermis
-Different layers epidermis represent keratinocytes at differing stages in their approximately 30-day lifecycle
- lacks any vascular structures & obtains all nutrients from the dermal vasculature by diffusion
What layer of the skin lies inferior/deeper to the epidermis and is compromisedof connective tissue
Dermis
What layer of the skin describes the following:
- Lies inferior/deep to dermis
- Is not part of the skin
Subcutaneous (hypodermis)
What are the layers of the epidermis?
“Come, lets get sun burned”
- Stratum Corneum
- Stratum Lucidum
- Stratum Granulosum
- Stratum Spinosum
- Stratum Basale
What layer of the epidermis is described by:
- Cells consist mostly of keratin
- Cells are shed & replaced from below
Stratum Corneum
What layer of the epidermis is described by:
- Found only in palms & soles of hands & feet
Stratum Lucidum
What layer of the epidermis is described by:
- Losing cell organelles and nuclei
- Infusion of waterproofing lipids
Stratum Granulosum
What layer of the epidermis is described by:
- Cells beginning to flatten
Stratum Spinosum
What layer of the epidermis is described by:
- Stem cell layer; new cells arise here
Stratum Basale
Characteristics of Dermis
- Contains the terminal endings of capillaries, lymph vessels and sensory neurons
What are the layers of the dermis?
- Papillary layer (loose areolar tissue)
- Reticular layer
What layer of the dermis is described by:
- the layer of the dermis directly underneath the epidermis
- Contains the terminal endings of capillaries, lymph vessels and sensory neurons. These extend from the dermis toward the epidermis in the dermal papillae
Papillary layer (loose areolar tissue)
What layer of the dermis is described by:
- thicker than the overlying papillary dermis; comprised of a dense concentration of collagenous, elastic, and reticular fibers that weave throughout it
- These protein fibers give the dermis its strength, extensibility, and elasticity
- the roots of the hair, sebaceous glands, sweat glands, receptors, nails, and blood vessels
Reticular layer
What are:
- Specialized cells of the epidermis & hair follicle; primary function is synthesis and transfer of melanin to adjacent keratinocytes
- Melanin synthesis occurs in a specialized organelle, the melanosome
Melanocytes
Do individuals have different numbers of melanocytes?
Melanocyte numbers are similar in individuals of different racial backgrounds; differences of pigmentation result from the amount & quality of melanin in the skin
What are:
- are expanded dendritic endings in epidermis of glabrous skin that respond to sustained pressure and touch
- Consist of tactile disc and neuron for touch sensation
Merkel Cells
What are:
- Typically found within the stratum spinosum
- Form a mobile and dense network of cells that samples any antigens that attempt to pass through the epidermis
- These monocyte-derived cells represent a large part of the skin’s adaptive immunity
Dendritic Cells
What is an accessory structure that:
- Found on most skin surfaces except palmar surfaces of hands/fingers or plantar surfaces of feet/toes
- comprised of fused keratinized cells Surrounded by the hair follicle
- Genetic/hormonal influences largely determine pattern/distribution
- Protection for the scalp, eyes, and nostrils
Hair
Which type of derm gland:
- Release secretions directly into the bloodstream
- Major role in Endocrine systems and covered in Endo block
Endocrine glands
Which type of derm gland:
- Release secretions onto an epithelial surface via a duct
- Major role in Derm
Exocrine glands
What are derm-specific exocrine glands?
- Sudoriferous (sweat glands)
- Sebaceous & Mucous
Which exocrine gland:
- Sebum lubricates the hair in humans and other mammals
- Found in all areas of the skin except the palms of the hands and soles of the feet
- work in conjunction withapocrineglands in thermoregulation
Sebaceous Glands
What substance:
- helps emulsify the sweat produced by the eccrine glands and this produces a sheet of sweat that is not readily lost in drops of sweat. Helps in delaying dehydration
- colder conditions becomes more lipid, coats the hair and skin and helps repel water
Sebaceous Glands
What eccrine gland:
- Cover nearly the entire body surface; especially dense on the palms, soles, forehead, and upper limbs (500/cm2)
- Empty directly onto the skin surface, not from hair follicles
- Serves as major thermoregulation component of the integumentary system
- Sweat is a dilute electrolyte solution comprised of H2O, NaCl, and minimal waste products
- Minimal Odor from eccrine sweat
Sudoriferous
What aprocine gland:
- Largely confined to the axillae, perineum, and concentrated in hairy areas
- Attached to the hair follicle; apocrine sweat empties onto the skin via the follicle opening
- is cloudy, viscous, and initially odorless. However, serves as a nutrient source for microbes and attains its characteristic odor upon being degraded by bacteria
- do not become functional until puberty and have a hormonal activation pattern
Sudoriferous
Which portion of the nail:
Distal margin of nail plate
Free Edge
Which portion of the nail:
- Portion of the nail that is visible; colored pink because of underlying capillaries
- Surrounded by a soft tissue border known as the lateral and proximal nail folds
Nail body (plate)
Which portion of the nail:
- Visible part of the matrix; whitish crescent at base of nail plate
Lunula (little moon)
Which portion of the nail:
Semi-circular layer of epithelial cells (stratum corneum) covering the proximal portion of nail plate
Cuticle
Functions of the nail
- Protects distal phalanxes
- Enhances precise & delicate finger movements
- Enables “extended precision grip”
What are the factors nail growth is dependent on?
age, sex, season, exercise level, diet, and other factors
How much does a fingernail grow per month? How long does it take to regrow completely?
3.5mm per month & require 3-6 months to regrow completely
How much does a toe nail grow per month? How long does it take to regrow completely?
grow approx. 1.6mm per month & require 12-18 months to completely regrow completely
What are the 3 main factors that influence skin pigmentation?
- Melanin (epidermis)
- Carotene (dermis)
- Hemoglobin (red blood cells within capillaries of dermis)
How do the following effect skin pigment:
- High melanin rate
- High carotene rate
- High hemoglobin rate
- High melanin rate = darker brown to black skin tones
- High carotene rate = yellow to reddish tones
- High hemoglobin rate = red to pinkish tone
The following describe:
- Primary determinant of skin color, hair color and eye color
- Causes the skin color to vary from pale yellow to reddish-brown to black
- Melanocytes numbers are approximately the same (within 3-5%) in all people, regardless of their skin tone or Fitzpatrick Stage
- However, the amount of pigment produced by melanocytes and imparted to keratinocytes can vary massively
- The difference in the amount and darkness of the pigment is responsible for the wide variation in human skin tone
Melanin
What are:
- yellow colored,lipid-soluble compounds found in red, orange, yellow and green vegetables and fruit
Excessive intake pf these foods can cause Carotenemia:
Characterized by yellow-orange discoloration of the skin
The skin color can return to normal with dietary modification
Carotenoids
Prolonged decreased oxygen levels can cause skin to become?
Cyanotic
What exposure stimulates melanin production; increasing both the amount of & darkness of the melanin pigment imparted into the epidermis
UV light exposure
What does melanin protect the skin against
UV Radiation damage
- A genetic (recessive-inherited) condition characterized by little or no melaninpigment of the eyes, skin orhair
- Occurs worldwide and affects people of all races. Males and females alike can have the condition
Albinism
What are health complications with albinism
- Sunburns easily during UV exposure
- Increased risk for skin cancer over their lifetime
What is:
- Acquired depigmentation the skin characterized by loss of melanocytes
- Affects 0.5–1% of the population and occurs in all races, however, far more dramatic presentation in darker skinned individuals
- Thought to be a systemic autoimmune disorder in which antibodies attack the melanocytes
Vitiligo
What is:
- Pigment injected through the epidermis and activates an immune response, resulting in phagocytes & macrophages engulfing pigment particles
- Macrophages containing the pigment in the papillary dermis are trapped in the collagen matrix, forming a homogenized layer below the dermal/epidermal boundary
- The trapped pigment particles in the papillary dermis are stable, however, the pigment tends to migrate deeper into the reticular dermis over decades
- This pigment migration accounts for the degraded (faded) appearance of in older adults
Tattoos
What are the 2 methods of homeostatic temperature regulation
- Transfer of heat via sweating (evaporation)
- Maximizing or minimizing heat loss (radiation) via flow of blood in the dermis
What is produced in the epidermis that protects from microbes, abrasion, heat, water loss, and chemicals
Keratin (protein)
What is released by lamellar granules inhibit evaporation of water from the skin surface and prevent dehydration
Lipids (fats)
What provides protection against damaging effects of UV light
Melanin (pigment)
What prevent hair from drying out, are mildly bactericidal and have acidic pH
Sebum (fat, wax esters, fatty acids)
What are the receptors for Tactile sensations (exteroceptors)
Touch (Mechanoreceptors)
Pressure (baroreceptors)
Vibration (Meissner Corpuscles)
What are the thermal receptors called?
thermoreceptors
What are the pain receptors
Nociceptors
Exposure of the skin to UV radiation activates what vitamin
Vitamin D
Vitamin D is converted into what
Calcitrol
What are the 5 signs of inflammation
- Localized hyperthermia
- Erthymea
- Localized edema
- Pain
- Loss of function
What kind of aging is not preventable and happens to everyone?
Instrinsic aging
What kind of aging is preventable?
Extrinsic aging
What factors increase extrinsic aging?
- environmental factors
- lifestyle (Tobacco, ETOH, illicit drugs etc.)
- social determinants
- elective cosmetic surgeries
- UV radiation exposure
What is termed “photo aging”
UV radiarion
What is the term for epidermal changes that occur between 30 and 80
Epidermal aging
What occurs with epidermal aging?
- Epidermal turnover rate decreases by 30% to 50% - decreased wound repair capacity
- Overall thinning of unexposed epidermis by 10% to 50% - easier injury to underlying tissues
- Decrease in number & function of melanocytes by up to 20% per decade - elevated risk of skin cancer in the elderly
- Reduction in number and responsiveness of Langerhans cells - weakened cutaneous immunity in the elderly
What is xerosis
Abnormalities in ground substance of the connective tissue results in decreased skin hydration and characteristic elderly xerosis (dry skin)
What is the difference between regeneration and replacement in regards to tissue repair
Regeneration: Completely retsored to pre-injury/normal state
Replacement: results in scarring
What is the most rapidly regenerating and repairing tissue has capacity for continuous renewal
Epithelial tissue
What has adequate capacity for repair but is prone to hyperproliferation (scarring)
Connective tissue
WHat has relatively poor capacity for renewal as the tissue does not divide rapidly enough to replace
Muscular tissue
What has poorest capacity for renewal because it does not undergo mitosis to replace damaged neurons
Nervous tissue
What is the inflammatory phase in healing?
1-3 days post injury
Serves mainly to clear bacteria and debris from the wound and to prepare wound environment for repair
What is the proliferative phase in healing
2- 10 days post injury
Purpose is to construct granulation tissue to fill the defect caused by the wound
What is the early remodeling phase of healing
2-3 weeks post injury
Tissue defects have been replaced with granulation tissue and covered by new epithelial cells
What is the late remodeling phase of healing
months to >1 year
What is healing by primary intention
Relies on dermal edges that are close together and easily approximated
Ex. staples, sutures, dermal adhesives
What is healing by secondary intention
Relies on formation of granulation tissue to fill the space between the wound opening or edges
