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Integumentary > Derm A&P > Flashcards

Derm A&P Flashcards

1
Q

4 types of Human Tissue

A
  • Muscle Tissue
  • Nervous Tissue
  • Epithelial Tissue
  • Connective Tissue
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2
Q

Which of the 4 human tissues:
- Generates the physical force to make the body structures move
- Arranged in bundles
- Contractile cells provide the ability to move the body in three dimensions
- Well supplied with blood vessels (lots of energy & waste requirements

A

Muscle Tissue

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3
Q

Which of the 4 human tissues:
- Detects changes inside/outside the body
- Initiates & transmits nerve impulses that coordinate body activities & help maintain homeostasis

A

Nervous tissue

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4
Q

What is the Integumentary System is comprised of?

A
  • Skin, Hair, Nails
  • Accessory Structures
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5
Q

What is the Medical term for skin and main portion of the integumentary system?

A

Epithelium

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6
Q

What covers body surfaces; lines body cavities, hollow organs and ducts (tubes); and forms glands?

A

Epithelial Tissue

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7
Q

Which of the 4 human tissues:
- Protects and supports the body and its organs
- Binds organs together
- Stores energy reserves as fat
- Provides immunity

A

Connective Tissue

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8
Q

What provides contact or adhesion between neighboring cells or between a cell and extracellular matrix.

A

Cell junctions

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9
Q

What are the 2 categories of epithelial tissue?

A
  • Covering and lining epithelium
  • Glandular epithelium
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10
Q

Which category of epithelial tissue:
- Covers external surfaces of the body and some internal organs
- Lines body cavities, blood vessels, and ducts
- Lines interior of respiratory, GI, urinary and reproductive systems
- Integral part of sense organs for hearing, vision and touch

A

Covering and lining epithelium

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11
Q

Which category of epithelial tissue:
- Secreting portion of the glands, such as sweat glands

A

Glandular epithelium

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12
Q

What are the layers of the epithelial tissue?

A
  • Apical layer
  • Basal layer
  • Basement Membrane
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13
Q

What is the most Most superficial layer of cells of epithelial tissue

A

Apical layer

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14
Q

What is the Deepest layer of the cell of epithelial tissue

A

Basal layer

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15
Q

Which layer of the epithelial tissue describes the following:
- Thin extracellular structure composed mostly of protein fibers
- Located between the epithelium and underlying connective tissue layer
- Helps to bind and support the epithelium

A

Basement membrane

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16
Q

Functions of squamous epithelium

A
  • Thin, flat shape allows rapid passage of substances through them
  • Can be keratinized or non-keratinized; “wet” or “dry”
  • Found in areas such as the lining of the esophagus, mouth and cervix
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17
Q

Which epithelial is shaped like pancakes?

A

Squamous Epithelium

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18
Q

Which epithelial is shaped like the tesseract in Captain America

A

Cuboidal Epithelium

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19
Q

Functions of cuboidal epithelium

A
  • Tall as they are wide and shaped like cubes or hexagons
  • Frequently have microvilli at apical surface
  • Function in either secretion or absorption
  • Found in areas such as the salivary glands and thyroid follicles
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20
Q

Which epithelial cell is shaped like the column block in Tetris?

A

Columnar Epithelium

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21
Q

Functions of transitional epithelium

A
  • Able to change shape from flat to cuboidal and back depending on tension & distention of tissue.
  • Useful for organs such as the urinary bladder, when it is stretching (distend) to a larger size and then as it collapses to a smaller size.
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22
Q

Functions of columnar epithelium

A
  • Taller than they are wide
  • Protect underlying tissues
  • Apical surfaces may have cilia or microvilli
  • Often specialized for secretion and absorption
  • Lines most organs of the GI tract, respiratory tract, and fallopian tubes
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23
Q

What is shaped like the T-1000 in T2: Judgement day

A

Transitional Epithelium

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24
Q

What kind of epithelial layer describes the following:
- single layer of cells that functions in diffusion, osmosis, filtration, secretion and absorption.

A

Simple Epithelium

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25
Q

What kind of epithelial layer describes the following:
- not a true stratified layer
- contains goblet cells, which secrete mucus and are an integral part of mucous membranes

A

Pseudostratified Epithelium

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26
Q

What is the main difference between a simple epithelium and stratified epithelium

A
  • Simple Epithelium = 1 layer
  • Stratified Epithelium = > 1 layer
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27
Q

What are the 2 forms of locomotion Cilia provides?

A
  • Movement of the cell itself (like bacteria) or some parasites
  • Movement of particles or substances across or around the cell
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28
Q

What helps remove contaminants or move particles by moving fluids over the cell layers
Ex. - The lining of the nasopharynx and the trachea
- Fallopian tubes

A

Cillia

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29
Q

Describe microvilli on epithelial cells

A
  • increase the surface area of a cell by multiplying the area from 2 dimensions to 3 dimensions
  • enable the absorption and secretion of far more nutrients/material because they expand the active surface area by orders of magnitude.
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30
Q

What is a highly-insoluble fibrous protein with water-proofing qualities & high friction resistance

A

Keratin

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31
Q

What describes the following:
- Epithelial cells infused with keratin in the stratum basale of the epidermis are called
- lose their nucleus and organelles to make room for keratin; they are no longer living cells

A

keratinocytes

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32
Q
  • Found on wet/interior surfaces exposed to considerablewear& tear
  • Found in the lining of mouth cavity, tongue, pharynx, esophagus and vagina
A

Non-keratinized epithelium

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33
Q
  • Found on dry/outer surfaces where resistance to both friction & water is needed
  • Outer epidermis consists of keratinocytes that provide protection against water, friction, abrasion, and microorganisms
A

Keratinized stratified epithelium

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34
Q

What Supports & physically connects other tissues/cells together to form the organs of the body.

A

Connective Tissue

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35
Q

Epithelial tissue has what ratio of cells to extracellular space (matrix)

A

More cells
Less extracellular space (matrix)

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36
Q

Connective tissue has what ratio of cells to extracellular space (matrix)

A

Less cells
More extracellular space (matrix)

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37
Q

Connective tissue typically has what 3 components?

A
  • Resident Cells
  • Extracellular Matrix (ECM)
  • Protein fibers
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38
Q

What portion of COnnective Tissue describes the following:
- extracellular material produced by the connective tissue cells embedded within it. Major component of the matrix is ground substance crisscrossed by protein fibers.
- Ground substance is fluid, mineralized or solid

A

Matrix

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39
Q

What connective tissue cell is described by the following:
- Most common cells in connective tissue
- Produce & maintain most of the tissue’s extracellular components
- Synthesizes & secretes collagen and elastin
- Major component of the reparative capacity of connective tissue

A

Fibroblast

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40
Q

What connective tissue cell is described by the following:
- AKA fat cells or adipose cells or adipose tissue
- Specialized for cytoplasmic storage of lipid as neutral fats, or less commonly for production of heat
- serves to cushion and insulate the skin and other organs

A

Adipocytes

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41
Q

What connective tissue cell is described by the following:
- Components of loose connective tissues, often located near small blood vessels in the skin
- Function in localized release of compounds important to inflammatory response, innate immunity, and tissue repair

A

Mast cells

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42
Q

What connective tissue fiber is described by the following:
- Abundant (25% of all protein in body)
- Very strong and resistant to shear forces
- Key element of all connective tissues, as well as epithelial basement membranes

A

Collagen fibers

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43
Q

What connective tissue fiber is described by the following:
- Composed of elastin
- Strength and elasticity
- Have rubberlike properties that allow tissue containing these fibers to be stretched or distended and return to their original shape
- Found in areas such as the stroma of the lungs

A

Reticular Fibers

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44
Q

What membrane describes the following:
- Line entire GI, respiratory, reproductive, and much of the urinary system
- Epithelial layer secretes mucous (mucin) via goblet cells.

A

Mucous Membranes

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45
Q

What membrane describes the following:
- Lines body cavity that doesn’t open directly to exterior & covers organs that lie within the cavity

A

Serous Membranes

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46
Q

What serous membrane is attached to cavity wall?

A

Parietal

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47
Q

What serous membrane is the part that covers and attaches to the organs?

A

Visceral

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48
Q

What serous membrane secretes serous fluid and provides lubrication for organ movement

A

Mesothelium

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49
Q

What is the name of the serous membrane that lines thoracic cavity and covers the lungs?

A

Pleura

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50
Q

What is the name of the serous membrane that lines the heart cavity and covers the heart?

A

Pericardium

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51
Q

What is the name of the serous membrane that lines abdominal cavity and abdominal organs?

A

Peritoneum

52
Q

What membrane describes the following:
- Lines joints and contains connective tissue
- Areolar connective tissue with collagen and adipose
- No epithelial layer
- Secrete synovial fluid

A

Synovial Membranes

53
Q

What is the layer of the skin that is the Surface Layer

A

Epidermis

54
Q

Characteristics of the epidermis

A

-Different layers epidermis represent keratinocytes at differing stages in their approximately 30-day lifecycle
- lacks any vascular structures & obtains all nutrients from the dermal vasculature by diffusion

55
Q

What layer of the skin lies inferior/deeper to the epidermis and is compromisedof connective tissue

A

Dermis

56
Q

What layer of the skin describes the following:
- Lies inferior/deep to dermis
- Is not part of the skin

A

Subcutaneous (hypodermis)

57
Q

What are the layers of the epidermis?
“Come, lets get sun burned”

A
  • Stratum Corneum
  • Stratum Lucidum
  • Stratum Granulosum
  • Stratum Spinosum
  • Stratum Basale
58
Q

What layer of the epidermis is described by:
- Cells consist mostly of keratin
- Cells are shed & replaced from below

A

Stratum Corneum

59
Q

What layer of the epidermis is described by:
- Found only in palms & soles of hands & feet

A

Stratum Lucidum

60
Q

What layer of the epidermis is described by:
- Losing cell organelles and nuclei
- Infusion of waterproofing lipids

A

Stratum Granulosum

61
Q

What layer of the epidermis is described by:
- Cells beginning to flatten

A

Stratum Spinosum

62
Q

What layer of the epidermis is described by:
- Stem cell layer; new cells arise here

A

Stratum Basale

63
Q

Characteristics of Dermis

A
  • Contains the terminal endings of capillaries, lymph vessels and sensory neurons
64
Q

What are the layers of the dermis?

A
  • Papillary layer (loose areolar tissue)
  • Reticular layer
65
Q

What layer of the dermis is described by:
- the layer of the dermis directly underneath the epidermis
- Contains the terminal endings of capillaries, lymph vessels and sensory neurons. These extend from the dermis toward the epidermis in the dermal papillae

A

Papillary layer (loose areolar tissue)

66
Q

What layer of the dermis is described by:
- thicker than the overlying papillary dermis; comprised of a dense concentration of collagenous, elastic, and reticular fibers that weave throughout it
- These protein fibers give the dermis its strength, extensibility, and elasticity
- the roots of the hair, sebaceous glands, sweat glands, receptors, nails, and blood vessels

A

Reticular layer

67
Q

What are:
- Specialized cells of the epidermis & hair follicle; primary function is synthesis and transfer of melanin to adjacent keratinocytes
- Melanin synthesis occurs in a specialized organelle, the melanosome

A

Melanocytes

68
Q

Do individuals have different numbers of melanocytes?

A

Melanocyte numbers are similar in individuals of different racial backgrounds; differences of pigmentation result from the amount & quality of melanin in the skin

69
Q

What are:
- are expanded dendritic endings in epidermis of glabrous skin that respond to sustained pressure and touch
- Consist of tactile disc and neuron for touch sensation

A

Merkel Cells

70
Q

What are:
- Typically found within the stratum spinosum
- Form a mobile and dense network of cells that samples any antigens that attempt to pass through the epidermis
- These monocyte-derived cells represent a large part of the skin’s adaptive immunity

A

Dendritic Cells

71
Q

What is an accessory structure that:
- Found on most skin surfaces except palmar surfaces of hands/fingers or plantar surfaces of feet/toes
- comprised of fused keratinized cells Surrounded by the hair follicle
- Genetic/hormonal influences largely determine pattern/distribution
- Protection for the scalp, eyes, and nostrils

A

Hair

72
Q

Which type of derm gland:
- Release secretions directly into the bloodstream
- Major role in Endocrine systems and covered in Endo block

A

Endocrine glands

73
Q

Which type of derm gland:
- Release secretions onto an epithelial surface via a duct
- Major role in Derm

A

Exocrine glands

74
Q

What are derm-specific exocrine glands?

A
  • Sudoriferous (sweat glands)
  • Sebaceous & Mucous
75
Q

Which exocrine gland:
- Sebum lubricates the hair in humans and other mammals
- Found in all areas of the skin except the palms of the hands and soles of the feet
- work in conjunction withapocrineglands in thermoregulation

A

Sebaceous Glands

76
Q

What substance:
- helps emulsify the sweat produced by the eccrine glands and this produces a sheet of sweat that is not readily lost in drops of sweat. Helps in delaying dehydration
- colder conditions becomes more lipid, coats the hair and skin and helps repel water

A

Sebaceous Glands

77
Q

What eccrine gland:
- Cover nearly the entire body surface; especially dense on the palms, soles, forehead, and upper limbs (500/cm2)
- Empty directly onto the skin surface, not from hair follicles
- Serves as major thermoregulation component of the integumentary system
- Sweat is a dilute electrolyte solution comprised of H2O, NaCl, and minimal waste products
- Minimal Odor from eccrine sweat

A

Sudoriferous

78
Q

What aprocine gland:
- Largely confined to the axillae, perineum, and concentrated in hairy areas
- Attached to the hair follicle; apocrine sweat empties onto the skin via the follicle opening
- is cloudy, viscous, and initially odorless. However, serves as a nutrient source for microbes and attains its characteristic odor upon being degraded by bacteria
- do not become functional until puberty and have a hormonal activation pattern

A

Sudoriferous

79
Q

Which portion of the nail:
Distal margin of nail plate

A

Free Edge

80
Q

Which portion of the nail:
- Portion of the nail that is visible; colored pink because of underlying capillaries
- Surrounded by a soft tissue border known as the lateral and proximal nail folds

A

Nail body (plate)

81
Q

Which portion of the nail:
- Visible part of the matrix; whitish crescent at base of nail plate

A

Lunula (little moon)

82
Q

Which portion of the nail:
Semi-circular layer of epithelial cells (stratum corneum) covering the proximal portion of nail plate

A

Cuticle

83
Q

Functions of the nail

A
  • Protects distal phalanxes
  • Enhances precise & delicate finger movements
  • Enables “extended precision grip”
84
Q

What are the factors nail growth is dependent on?

A

age, sex, season, exercise level, diet, and other factors

85
Q

How much does a fingernail grow per month? How long does it take to regrow completely?

A

3.5mm per month & require 3-6 months to regrow completely

86
Q

How much does a toe nail grow per month? How long does it take to regrow completely?

A

grow approx. 1.6mm per month & require 12-18 months to completely regrow completely

87
Q

What are the 3 main factors that influence skin pigmentation?

A
  • Melanin (epidermis)
  • Carotene (dermis)
  • Hemoglobin (red blood cells within capillaries of dermis)
88
Q

How do the following effect skin pigment:
- High melanin rate
- High carotene rate
- High hemoglobin rate

A
  • High melanin rate = darker brown to black skin tones
  • High carotene rate = yellow to reddish tones
  • High hemoglobin rate = red to pinkish tone
89
Q

The following describe:
- Primary determinant of skin color, hair color and eye color
- Causes the skin color to vary from pale yellow to reddish-brown to black
- Melanocytes numbers are approximately the same (within 3-5%) in all people, regardless of their skin tone or Fitzpatrick Stage
- However, the amount of pigment produced by melanocytes and imparted to keratinocytes can vary massively
- The difference in the amount and darkness of the pigment is responsible for the wide variation in human skin tone

A

Melanin

90
Q

What are:
- yellow colored,lipid-soluble compounds found in red, orange, yellow and green vegetables and fruit
Excessive intake pf these foods can cause Carotenemia:
Characterized by yellow-orange discoloration of the skin
The skin color can return to normal with dietary modification

A

Carotenoids

91
Q

Prolonged decreased oxygen levels can cause skin to become?

A

Cyanotic

92
Q

What exposure stimulates melanin production; increasing both the amount of & darkness of the melanin pigment imparted into the epidermis

A

UV light exposure

93
Q

What does melanin protect the skin against

A

UV Radiation damage

94
Q
  • A genetic (recessive-inherited) condition characterized by little or no melaninpigment of the eyes, skin orhair
  • Occurs worldwide and affects people of all races. Males and females alike can have the condition
A

Albinism

95
Q

What are health complications with albinism

A
  • Sunburns easily during UV exposure
  • Increased risk for skin cancer over their lifetime
96
Q

What is:
- Acquired depigmentation the skin characterized by loss of melanocytes
- Affects 0.5–1% of the population and occurs in all races, however, far more dramatic presentation in darker skinned individuals
- Thought to be a systemic autoimmune disorder in which antibodies attack the melanocytes

A

Vitiligo

97
Q

What is:
- Pigment injected through the epidermis and activates an immune response, resulting in phagocytes & macrophages engulfing pigment particles
- Macrophages containing the pigment in the papillary dermis are trapped in the collagen matrix, forming a homogenized layer below the dermal/epidermal boundary
- The trapped pigment particles in the papillary dermis are stable, however, the pigment tends to migrate deeper into the reticular dermis over decades
- This pigment migration accounts for the degraded (faded) appearance of in older adults

A

Tattoos

98
Q

What are the 2 methods of homeostatic temperature regulation

A
  • Transfer of heat via sweating (evaporation)
  • Maximizing or minimizing heat loss (radiation) via flow of blood in the dermis
99
Q

What is produced in the epidermis that protects from microbes, abrasion, heat, water loss, and chemicals

A

Keratin (protein)

100
Q

What is released by lamellar granules inhibit evaporation of water from the skin surface and prevent dehydration

A

Lipids (fats)

101
Q

What provides protection against damaging effects of UV light

A

Melanin (pigment)

102
Q

What prevent hair from drying out, are mildly bactericidal and have acidic pH

A

Sebum (fat, wax esters, fatty acids)

103
Q

What are the receptors for Tactile sensations (exteroceptors)

A

Touch (Mechanoreceptors)
Pressure (baroreceptors)
Vibration (Meissner Corpuscles)

104
Q

What are the thermal receptors called?

A

thermoreceptors

105
Q

What are the pain receptors

A

Nociceptors

106
Q

Exposure of the skin to UV radiation activates what vitamin

A

Vitamin D

107
Q

Vitamin D is converted into what

A

Calcitrol

108
Q

What are the 5 signs of inflammation

A
  • Localized hyperthermia
  • Erthymea
  • Localized edema
  • Pain
  • Loss of function
109
Q

What kind of aging is not preventable and happens to everyone?

A

Instrinsic aging

110
Q

What kind of aging is preventable?

A

Extrinsic aging

111
Q

What factors increase extrinsic aging?

A
  • environmental factors
  • lifestyle (Tobacco, ETOH, illicit drugs etc.)
  • social determinants
  • elective cosmetic surgeries
  • UV radiation exposure
112
Q

What is termed “photo aging”

A

UV radiarion

113
Q

What is the term for epidermal changes that occur between 30 and 80

A

Epidermal aging

114
Q

What occurs with epidermal aging?

A
  • Epidermal turnover rate decreases by 30% to 50% - decreased wound repair capacity
  • Overall thinning of unexposed epidermis by 10% to 50% - easier injury to underlying tissues
  • Decrease in number & function of melanocytes by up to 20% per decade - elevated risk of skin cancer in the elderly
  • Reduction in number and responsiveness of Langerhans cells - weakened cutaneous immunity in the elderly
115
Q

What is xerosis

A

Abnormalities in ground substance of the connective tissue results in decreased skin hydration and characteristic elderly xerosis (dry skin)

116
Q

What is the difference between regeneration and replacement in regards to tissue repair

A

Regeneration: Completely retsored to pre-injury/normal state
Replacement: results in scarring

117
Q

What is the most rapidly regenerating and repairing tissue has capacity for continuous renewal

A

Epithelial tissue

118
Q

What has adequate capacity for repair but is prone to hyperproliferation (scarring)

A

Connective tissue

119
Q

WHat has relatively poor capacity for renewal as the tissue does not divide rapidly enough to replace

A

Muscular tissue

120
Q

What has poorest capacity for renewal because it does not undergo mitosis to replace damaged neurons

A

Nervous tissue

121
Q

What is the inflammatory phase in healing?

A

1-3 days post injury
Serves mainly to clear bacteria and debris from the wound and to prepare wound environment for repair

122
Q

What is the proliferative phase in healing

A

2- 10 days post injury
Purpose is to construct granulation tissue to fill the defect caused by the wound

123
Q

What is the early remodeling phase of healing

A

2-3 weeks post injury
Tissue defects have been replaced with granulation tissue and covered by new epithelial cells

124
Q

What is the late remodeling phase of healing

A

months to >1 year

125
Q

What is healing by primary intention

A

Relies on dermal edges that are close together and easily approximated
Ex. staples, sutures, dermal adhesives

126
Q

What is healing by secondary intention

A

Relies on formation of granulation tissue to fill the space between the wound opening or edges

Integumentary (3 decks)

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