Derived from practice tests Flashcards
Point biserial vs. biserial
Relationship between two variables
Biserial: one variable is artificially dichotomized and one is continuous
Point biserial: one variable is true dichotomy and the other is continuous
Helms stages of White racial identity development (6 stages)
- Contact: lack of racial awareness & exhibit racist attitudes and beliefs; minimal contact w/ diverse groups
- Disintegration: greater awareness of racial differences leading to moral conflict; increased contact w/ diverse groups
- Reintegration: attempt to resolve conflict by adopting racist views of minority groups; deny racism exists
- Pseudo-Independence: questioning of racist views & acknowledges white roles in racism
- Immersion-Emersion: confrontation of biases & understand White privilege; focus on changing self
- Autonomy: adopt a non-racist white ID
Properties of Piaget’s pre-operational stage (6 elements)
Ages 2-7
- Egocentrism: assume everyone else sees things from the same viewpoint; can’t separate one’s perspective from others
- Magical thinking: belief that thinking about something will cause it to occur
- Animism: belief that inanimate objects have lifelike characteristics
- Centration: tendency to focus on one aspect of an object/situation while ignoring others
- Irreversibility: lack of understanding that operations/processes can be reversed
- Transductive reasoning: don’t understand cause/effect
Properties of Piaget’s concrete operational stage (3 elements)
Ages 7-11
Conservation: ability to understand that physical characteristics of an object stays the same even if they appearance changes (e.g., changing liquid height in different glasses)
This depends on…
Decentration: considering more than 1 characteristic of an object at a time
Reversibility: recognizing that processes can be reversed
Properties of Piaget’s formal operational stage (4 elements)
Ages 11+
Hypothetico-deductive reasoning: ability to test hypothesis by varying one aspect of the situation while holding other aspects constant
Propositional reasoning: the ability to evaluate the logic of verbal statements without concrete evidence; certain assumptions true -> certain conclusions true
Adolescent egocentrism includes…
Imaginary audience: belief that always center of attention
Personal fable: belief that one is unique and not subject to natural laws that govern others
Coefficient of determination
R squared
Proportion of variability in one variable that is accounted by variability in another variable
Forer effect
Another name for the Barnum effect; when you attribute vague information as being related to you (e.g., psychic readings)
Functional fixedness
The tendency to think of objects only in terms of their usual functions
Subjective validation
Validating words, initials, statements, or signs as accurate because one is able to find them personally meaningful and significant
Reframing in family therapy
Relabeling or redefining a problem behavior in order for the family to see it in a new light (e.g., labeling child “talk back” to expressing insecurity and need for love)
Usually to increase the family’s compliance with treatment
Which WISC-III subtests measure freedom from distractibility?
Arithmetic and Digit Span
Deep dyslexia
Includes “semantic paralexia” which involves producing a word that is similar in meaning to the target word (e.g., dog for cat or arm for long)
Which Big Five personality traits are associated with antisocial personality disorder?
Low agreeableness and conscientiousness
High neuroticism and extroversion
Adrenal vs. pituitary gland
Adrenal: secretes cortisol
Pituitary: gonadotropic hormones
Hypothalamus controls gonads through its influence on the pituitary gland
Thermal vs. EMG biofeedback
Thermal: skin temperature; more effective in treating migraines than relaxation therapy
EMG: muscle tension; treats tension headaches and is equally effective as relaxation therapy
Semantic vs. syntactic bootstrapping
Semantic: using knowledge of the meaning of a word to infer its syntactical category (meaning –> syntax)
Syntactical: using syntactical knowledge to deduce the meaning of an unfamiliar word (syntax –> meaning)
Morita therapy
Psychology of action; Japanese
Emphasis is on learning to accept the internal fluctuations of thoguhts and feelings and ground behavior in reality and the purpose of the moment.
Focus on external environment, behavior, and distinguishing what is/is not controllable
Naikan therapy
Psychology of reflection; often combined with Morita therapy
Based on clients asking themselves three questions: what have I received from? What have I given to? What troubles or difficulties have I caused? Through self reflection, a client’s awareness of the role they play int he relationship or situation, the amount of support they’ve received, and an appreciation of others is said to increase
Pseudodementia
Pseudodementia is a set of symptoms that mimic those of dementia but have other underlying cause. Usually depression.
Briquet’s Syndrome
A somatization disorder. Patients feel that they have been sickly most of their lives and complain of a multitude of symptoms referable to numerous different organ systems
Heinz Kohut
Developer os self-psychology
Work on narcissism
According to Kohut, a consistent lack of parental empathy is what leads to narcissism, so to help the narcissistic client develop a more cohesive sense of self, the therapist must provide empathy
Marlatt & Gordon’s theory of substance dependence
Addictive behaviors are acquired and that addiction is an “overlearned maladaptive habit pattern”
What’s an ecological model?
How multiple factors influence behavior, health, or the environment
Levels of influence (usually demonstrated through overlapping circles)
Damage to the right vs. left frontal lobe
Right: disinhibition/impulsiveness; happy indifference; jocularity
Left: reduced speech, depression, apathy
Hypoglycemia and which disorders it is mistaken for during the (1) acute phase (2) chronic phase
Hypoglycemia is a condition in which your blood sugar (glucose) level is lower than the standard range (endocrine disorder)
Acute phase: panic/anxiety
Chronic phase: depression, psychosis, personality change
Terms from communication-interaction therapy:
-Principle of equifinality
-Command vs. report function
-Circular model of causality
-Paradoxical strategy
Principle of equifinality: no matter where the system change occurs, the end result is the same
Report function: content or informational aspect of communication
Command function: often conveyed nonverbally; relationship between communicators
Circular model of causality: symptom as both a cause and an effect of dysfunctional communication patterns
Paradoxical strategies: prescribing the symptom, relabeling (changing the label a family attaches to a problem behavior in order to change its meaning)
Kohler’s animal experiments
With chimps
Insight learning: “aha experience,” finding a sudden novel solution; sudden cognitive restructuring of the environment
Favorableness of a situation in Fiedler’s Contingency Theory of Leadership
Low LPC leader (task-oriented) most effective in very favorable or unfavorable situations
Favorable situation depends on…
1) Leader’s relationship with subordinates
2) Degree of task structure
3) Leader’s power
Gould and Gross found neurogenesis, the formation of new neurons or nerve cells, in all of the following areas except:
A) the olfactory system
B) the hippocampus
C) the PFC
D) the striate cortex
D - striate cortex (handles the initial more rudimentary steps of visual processing)
What is a person with Somatization Disorder most likely to have as a comorbid disorder?
A personality disorder
Which personality disorder has the best prognosis?
BPD - most show significant reduction or remission of symptoms by middle age or sooner
Which BPD symptoms are the quickest to resolve with age?
Impulsive symptoms
Which BPD symptoms are the slowest to resolve with age/more chronic/least improvement?
Affective symptoms
When is Tic Disorder NOS more appropriate as dx?
1) Symptoms last less than 4 weeks
2) Onset after 18 years
3) Only one motor tic and only one vocal tic
Transient Tic Disorder vs. Tourette’s
Transient: at least 4 weeks but no longer than 12 months
Tourette’s: More than 12 months
Define these:
1) social identity theory
2) social comparison
3) self-perception theory
4) self-verification theory
1) Tajfel; social identity, i.e., self-esteem based on group membership, is enhanced by believing one’s own group (ingroup) is attractive and belittling the members of other groups (outgroup)
2) people self-evaluate by comparing themselves with similar others when objective information is not available
3) when clear internal cues are absent, individuals infer feelings and beliefs by observing their behaviors/external cues
4) we seek confirmation of our self-concept (whether the confirmation is positive or negative; e.g., when depressed person prefers negative feedback)
Early full remission, early partial remission, and sustained full remission for substance dependence
Early: more than one month, less than 12 months
Sustained: more than 12 months
Full: no longer meets any criteria
Partial: one or more of the criteria for substance dependence are still met
What is the four day work week correlated with?
Absenteeism and satisfaction
Complementary communication
Vs. symmetrical where there is equality between partners
There is inequality (with one member taking a dominant role and the other a subordinate role); e.g., an older brother teaching his younger brother how to ride a bike
Which symptom is the clearest indication that someone has substance dependence?
Clear signs of tolerate and/or withdrawal
What brain region is damaged in prosopagnosia?
Bilateral occipitotemporal area
Reciprocal determinism
Bandura
The relationship between personal factors or cognitions, behavior, and the environment take turns influencing or being influenced by each other.
E.g., “aggressive thoughts result in aggressive behavior, which in turn has the effect of causing others to have aggressive thoughts”
Responsive deprivation theory
When an animal’s normal response rate (e.g., eating food) is restricted (e.g., by food deprivation) that behavior becomes more preferred and therefore reinforcing
Probability-differential theory
I.e., Premack principle
An activity will have reinforcing properties when its probability of occurrence is greater than that of the behavior it is intended to reinforcement
Using a high-frequency behavior as a positive reinforcer for a low-frequency behavior, e.g., Grandma’s rule
Escape vs. avoidance conditioning
Escape = stopping an aversive stimulus that is occurring
Avoidance = preventing an aversive stimulus from occurring
“Terminal drop” phenomenon
In the months before death, a substantial drop in all facets of intelligence occurs
The brain part or system that manages the circadian rhythm is located in the
A) caudate nucleus
B) cerebellum
C) reticular activating system
D) hypothalamus
Hypothalamus - which contains the SCN
While the RAS is involved in many functions related to sleep, circadian rhythm (e.g., biological clock) is managed by the SCN; SCN passes information about light from the retinal to the pineal gland, which secretes melatonin
Job commitment is most correlated with which outcomes?
Absenteeism and turnover
Where is STM vs LTM stored?
STM: PFC
LTM: Hippocampus
What does the elaboration likelihood model have to do with?
Persuasion.
This is the theory that has to do with the central vs. peripheral route
Alcohol withdrawal syndrome
hyper excitability, convulsions, and death
Sue and Sue’s Racial/Cultural Identity Development Model
- Conformity: positive attitudes for dominant group & negative attitudes towards own minority group
- Dissonance: confusion & conflict over contradictory attitudes towards both groups
- Resistance and immersion: active rejection of dominant group and positive attitudes towards own minority group
- Introspection: uncertainty about rigidity of stage 3 beliefs
- Integrative awareness: recognize that both groups have positive qualities; need to actively examine values/beliefs of different groups before accepting/rejecting them
method of loci
The method of loci is a mnemonic device, a trick used to help store and retrieve information. To use the technique, someone imagines a physical location, then places objects in that mental space which correspond to the things which must be remembered.
