Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

(history) african americans & civil rights 1865-1992 > depth study: new deal > Flashcards

depth study: new deal Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® U.S. History flashcards World History 101 flashcards European History 101 flashcards AP® European History flashcards AP® World History flashcards World History 102 flashcards U.S. History 101 flashcards U.S. History 102 flashcards
1
Q

background

A
  • outbreak of great depression in 1929 = widespread suffering/despair in black communities
  • AA men & women faced staggering rates of unemployment/poverty
  • Franklin D. Roosevelt (democrat) inaugurated as president in 1933
  • ^^he launched ‘new deal’ (ambitious government programs to save USA from economic crisis)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what did the majority of AA work as in the late 1920s and what were the problems with these jobs

A
  • domestic servants, farmers or service workers
  • low wages, weak job security & dangerous conditions
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

how many black southeners migrated to northern/midwest cities between 1915-30

A

1.5 million

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

how many AA lived in the south (approx.)

A

11 million

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what did the AA living in the south do for labour/jobs

A

sharecroppers, tenant farmers & wage workers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

how any black southerners owned land (approx.)

A

10%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what was sharecropping

A
  • white landowners allowed former AA slaves to use their land in return for a large share of the produce
  • led to state of debt peonage (unofficial slavery)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what did AA face in places other than the deep south

A

the philosophy of the Jim Crow laws - racial segregation, interracial police violence & labour separation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

the price of cotton dropped from 18 cents to 6 cents between when? - what did this cause

A

1929-33
- caused number of black sharecroppers to fall

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

how many AA were out of work in Chicago, NY and Pittsburgh (during great depression)

A

50%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

how many black workers were jobless in Philadelphia and Detroit (during great depression)

A

60%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

how many sweeping programs did FDR create in his first 100 days

A

5

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

name the 5 sweeping programmes

A
  1. agricultural adjustment administration (AAA)
  2. civilian conservation corps (CCC)
  3. federal emergency relief administration (FERA)
  4. national industrial recovery act (NIRA)
  5. tenessee valley authority (TVA)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

define the agricultural adjustment act (AAA) and negative impacts on AA

A

(1933) = aimed to help farmers by cutting farm production & forcing up food prices
- aimed at the south where easy to deny AA benefits
- evicted black sharecroppers/tenant farmers from land they were cultivating
- less production meant less work for thousands of poor sharecroppers
- AA among 100 million consumers forced to pay higher prices

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

define the civilian conservation corps (CCC) and negative impacts on AA

A

= work relief program that gave millions of young men employment on environmental projects during the great depression
- admitted fewer black men
- housed them in segregated dormitories
- barred black CCC workers from most administrative positions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

define the tenessee valley authority (TVA) and negative impacts on AA

A

= provided jobs/tenessee to rural south (tenessee river valley - spans 7 states in south)
- strict practices of racial segregation limited black participation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

define the federal emergency relief administration (FERA)

A

= distributed federal aid to states for relief

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

define the national industrial recovery act (NIRA) and negative impacts on AA

A

= supervised fair trade codes & guaranteed laborers a right to collective bargaining
- cotton industry hours regulation excluded central positions where black male workers laboured
- southern lumber industries wages were far lower than those paid in north
- even when AA workers were eligible for higher wages, this money was paid to white workers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q
A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what did the social security act epitomise

A

the negligence towards AA employment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what was the social security act (1935)

A

created social security - federal safety net for elderly, unemployed and disadvantaged americans

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

who were ineligible from the social security act (1935) and what did this mean

A

farmers and domestics
- 87% of (all) black women were ineligible
- so were 55& of all AA workers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what was the one new deal agency that took decisive action against racial discrimination

A

public works administration (PWA)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what was the public works administration (PWA)

A

aimed to create jobs whilst improving nation’s infrastructure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

how much did the PWA spend on thousands of construction projects across the USA in the 1930s - give examples

A

$6 billion
- schools
- hospitals
- public housing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

interior secretary of PWA

A

Harold Ickes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

what did Ickes do regarding AA - examples (eg. names)

A
  • sought advice from black advisors (esp. economist robert weaver & attorney william hastie) –> counselled him on how AA can benefit from the PWA
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

one of most important PWA projects

A

= construction of 51 housing projects - 1/3 (19) for AA –> 1st time US gov provided housing for low income citizens
- in cities with large AA populations (eg. NY & philadelphia) families moved into new, affordable housing = life-changing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

what did Ickes not suggest due to segregation

A

integrated housing projects

30
Q

what did the NAACP lobby Ickes to do in september 1933

A

issue a non-discrimination clause in the PWA - stating construction projects couldn’t discriminate on basis of race

31
Q

examples of Ickes advisors

A

clark foreman, william hastie & robert weaver

32
Q

what did Ickes advisors do

A

supplemented the non-discrimination clause with a quota system
–> this stated all construction crews must employ number of black workers proportional to population
- also recruited black architects to design some of public housing complexes

33
Q

what did the success of the PWA in assisting AA in such a concrete way show

A
  • demonstrated how black advisors could make a significant difference in new deal programmes
  • prompted other government agencies to hire black consultants
34
Q

nation youth administration (NYA)

A
  • agency focused on finding work opportunites for young people
  • appointed clubwoman/school president ‘mary mcleod bethune’ as negro advisor & later chair of it’s devision of negro affairs
35
Q

what did mary bethune become when she accepted the role as chair of its division of negro aftairs in the NYA

A

first black woman to head government division

36
Q

describe mary mcleod bethune

A
  • activist (esp. black womens politics)
  • 1935 = founded civil rights organisation ‘national council of negro women (NCNW)’
  • lobbied for AA to serve in leadership positions at federal/state/local levels
  • public friendship with 1st lady eleanor roosevelt & educated her on problems facing AA
37
Q

what happened due to bethunes activism

A
  • more AA served in administrative positions in NYA (than any other new deal program)
  • early 1940s, 20% of black youth participated in NYA programmes
38
Q

due to her public friendship with mary bethune, what did eleanor roosevelt do to help AA

A
  • ally of black civil rights causes
  • supported federal anti-lynching bill
  • supported end to poll tax
  • increased funding for black schools
39
Q

what did bethune use her new status for

A
  • gather group of black consultants into federal council of negro affairs = ‘black cabinet’
40
Q

describe the black cabinet

A
  • composed of lawyers, politicians & journalists
  • advised president roosevelt on matters related to AA
  • some members included: robert weaver (economist) & charles hastie (lawyer)
  • black press covered black cabinet
  • not formal government
41
Q

how many AA served in administrative positions by 1940

A

100

42
Q

who did the black cabinet work in concert with and why

A

civil rights organisations to pressure new deal agencies to end racial bias

43
Q

examples of the result of the black cabinets work alongside civil rights organisations

A
  • by 1933, the CCC had employed a small number of young black men but by 1940, 200,000 AA men participated in programme
    ^^ 1/5 learned to read while enrolled
44
Q

what did congress pass in 1935

A

works progress administration - took over some of work of PWA

45
Q

WPA’s administrator

A

harry hopkins

46
Q

what did harry hopkins do in the WPA

A
  • appointed series of black advisors to design a programme to assist AA
47
Q

how many AA joined the WPA programmes in the first year alone

A

200,000

48
Q

positives of the WPA

A
  • constructed black schools/community centres
  • opened domestic service training centres
  • conducted adult education classes
  • oversaw art projects
49
Q

what happened in the south regarding AA education

A
  • AA men/women went to literacy classes = learn to read & supplement poor education
  • some attended schools for first time in their life
50
Q

how much did black illiteracy fall by at end of 1930s

A

10%

51
Q

overall negatives of new deal programmes

A
  • many failed to address black structural inequalities that lay at the root of American society
52
Q

negatives of WPA on AA

A
  • limited AA women’s employment opportunities to domestic service training programs & sewing programs = paid low wages
    ^^ enabled white women more opportunities eg. clerical work, gardening & nursing
53
Q

negatives of PWA on AA

A
  • housing projects required slum clearance by razing black neighbourhoods = created housing shortage for AA in segregated cities
54
Q

how did the new deal programmes struggle to directly improve lives of rural black southerners (AAA)

A
  • AAA increase crop prices by paying farmers to decrease acreage but it didn’t have programs to assist black sharecroppers who didn’t receive payments as not landowners
  • powerful white men serving on the AAA’s committees crafted policies that favoured white farmers & sometimes forced black landowners off land/sharecroppers out of jobs
55
Q

how did the new deal assist black southerners

A
  • allocated money to AA schools
  • funded public health programs
  • improved black housing
56
Q

how many AA were recipients of the new deal relief programs by 1935

A

30%

57
Q

how much of the overall vote did FDR capture in 1936 & how much of the black vote

A

60% of overall vote
76% of AA vote –> many had switched political allegiances to democratic party

58
Q

prominent civil rights organisations during the 1930s (new deal)

A

NAACP & NUL - paid close attention to programs & pressured administrators to end racial bias

59
Q

2 lawyers for NAACP

A
  • charles hamilton houston
  • his student (howard university law school) = thurgood marshall
60
Q

2 examples of cases that charles hamilton houston & thurgood marshall won

A
  • murray v. maryland 1936 - about segregation in professional/ graduate schools
  • hale v. kentucky 1938 - opened jury service to AA
61
Q

what did congress pass in 1935 regarding labour unions & explain what it said

A

wagner act = upheld right of workers to organise labour unions, participate in collective bargaining & stage strikes

62
Q

what did the wagner act of 1935 create for AA

A

more supportive climate for AA industrial workers

63
Q

largest black labour union

A

brotherhood of sleeping car porters (BSCP)

64
Q

what did the BSCP do

A

negotiated contract with pullman company to reduce hours & increase wages

65
Q

what did white labour leaders form

A

congress of industrial organisations (CIO)

66
Q

what did the CIO organise

A

organised black/white workers in mining, automobile, meatpacking & steel industries

67
Q

what did the CIO make central to its organisation and how

A

racial equality by fighting against pay scales & hiring black organisers in all of its unions

68
Q

via the WPA, what did the federal government organise

A

the federal theatre project (FTP) and the federal writers project (FWP) which employed playwrights & writers

69
Q

what did the FWP do

A
  • interviewers travelled south & interviewed former slaves
70
Q

what did the Farm Security administration (FSA) do

A
  • hired photographers to travel across country & document lives of ordinary Americans
  • recruited black photographers
  • white photographers captured searing/indelible images of AA –> allowed them to defy some racial stereotypes perpetuated against them in American culture
71
Q

what did the FWP do concerning former slaves

A
  • ex-slave narrative project
  • last generation of former slaves alive in 1930s
  • interview former slaves about trauma/allow them to narrate their experiences
72
Q

what happened between 1936-38 in the FWP

A
  • dozens of black/white interviewers travelled to south & interviewed 2000+ former slaves
  • at the end, they’d amassed 10,000 types pages/thousands of hours of testimonies
  • invaluable at highlighting hidden world of slaving eg. sexual violence, brutality & survival strategies

(history) african americans & civil rights 1865-1992 (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions