Depth Perception

Question 1

A depth cue when viewing a scene that includes objects whose sizes can be compared to each other

Answer 1

Relative size

Question 2

Large ballon and small ballon on paper, which one is closest

Answer 2

Larger

Question 3

Why do we think the larger balloon is closest?

Answer 3

• Because we have no reference, we assume the two balloons are the same size
• the object that produces the smaller retinal image size is perceived as farther away

Question 4

The ______ cue tells us how far away differenceonjects are relative to each other, but it cant, on its own, tell us exactly how far away any of the objects are

Answer 4

Relative size

Question 5

If we know how big an object really is, our brains can solve the distance-equals-object-size-divided-by-relative-size relationship to determine absolute distances. This this case we are using the ________ depth cue

Answer 5

Familiar depth

Question 6

This cue is used when viewing objects of known size

Answer 6

Familiar size

Question 7

When viewing the railroad, we experience a strong sense of depth because we ______ the width of the railroad track is the same through the scene

Answer 7

Assume

Question 8

The retinal image size of the rail separation in the background, however, is _____ than in the foreground, creating an illusion of depth

Answer 8

Smaller

Question 9

Why is linear perspective an illusion

Answer 9

Because all aspects of the photograph are physically the same distance from your eyes

Question 10

Texture gradient

Answer 10

• our brains consciously ignore the bricks because they are part of the background of the scene, and were usually more interested in objects in the foreground
• and unconsciously notices that some bricks are considerably smaller and higher in the VF than others, therefore the bricks form a texture gradient

Question 11

The distance to any object sitting not he texture can be ________by comparing it to the part of the texture the objects happen to be sitting on

Answer 11

Accurately judged

Question 12

Can occur when the view of a scene is partially obstructed

Answer 12

Interposition

Question 13

A form of interposition, _____ acts as a depth cue because unobscured objects in a picture or actual scene may be perceived as closer than those that are obscured, for example, haze

Answer 13

Clarity

Question 14

What are some examples of things that act as an inter posing element that obscures the view of objects, causing them to appear more distant

Answer 14

Fog, smoke, rain, smog

Question 15

When light falls on an object, the object casts a shadow. This is interpreted as falling behind the object; consequently, a sense of depth is created

Answer 15

Lighting and shadow

Question 16

A monocular observer, standing upright, views an object located on the floor at a distance. Despite the absence of pictorial depth cues, the observer is able to judge correctly the objects distance. How is this done?

Answer 16

• The object makes an angle with the horizaon: angular declination below the horizon.
• the visual system apparently uses this angle to determine object distance

Question 17

A kinetic monocular depth cue that results when a moving observer fixates on object while noticing the relative motion of surrounding objects

Answer 17

Motion parallax

Question 18

Brain areas that have cells that encode for parallax information and play a role in processing binocular disparity and motion

Answer 18

MT/V5

Question 19

During ______, the dioptric power of the lens increases, allowing near objects to be focused clearly on the retina

Answer 19

Accommodation

Question 20

A binocular depth cue that allows the visual system to determine that the ball is distant to the fixated object

Answer 20

Retinal disparity

Question 21

Light rays emanating from the most distant ball strike the retina nasally to the fovea, ther etinal disparity is said to be _____

Answer 21

Uncrossed

Question 22

When light rays from the nearest ball strike the retina temporal to the fovea,ther etinal disparity is said to be _______

Answer 22

Crossed

Question 23

In bino, focusing on an object hits the retina

Answer 23

Nasally

Question 24

In bino, focusing on the nearest ball strikes the retina

Answer 24

Temporally

Question 25

Focusing on the middle ball, strikes the retina

Answer 25

On the fovea

Question 26

The perception of depth production by retinal disparity in a normal binocular vision

Answer 26

Stereopsis

Question 27

Important contributor to depth perception at near distances

Answer 27

Stereopsis

Question 28

Why does stereopsis not affect far distances much

Answer 28

Because the threshold for the retinal disparity, which is a specified as an angle at the eye, requires such objects to be separates by great distances

Question 29

Retinal disparity prioduces stereopsis only if it ______ enough to allow fusion

Answer 29

Small

Question 30

If the disparity is too larger the images fall on the retina positions that signal grossly different directions, result in

Answer 30

Physiological diplopia

Question 31

Certain illusions result when pictorial depth cues are used to determine object size

Answer 31

Size illusions

Question 32

Our visual system compensates for differences in retinal image size by taking into account the relative distance of an object, a phenomenon referred to as

Answer 32

Size constancy

Question 33

When judgments of distance are erroneous, such as when viewing a flat picture, size constancy may fail, resulting in a

Answer 33

Size illusion

Question 34

Apparent size of an object with viewing distance

Answer 34

In spite of changes in retinal image size, the apparent size of an object does not normally change with viewing distance

Question 35

Although a car that us nearby produces a larger retinal image than when it is further away, it is not perceived as

Answer 35

Larger

Question 36

Size constancy fails because monocular depth cues provide incorrect information regarding relative distance

Answer 36

Corridor illusion -although the two plaid balls are the same distance from your eyes, the top one is perceived as farther away, this leads to the illusion that the top ball is larger. In fact, the two balls have the same dimensions

Question 37

When viewed on the horizon, the moon appears larger when viewed at its zenith, even though its angular subtense is the same under conditions

Answer 37

Moon illusion

Question 38

Considered by some to be a size illusion, because trees, houses, fields, and other inter posing objects cause the moon to be seen as farther away when viewing on the horizon, it appears larger

Answer 38

Moon illusion

Question 39

Understood by sonsidered the vertical lines to be corners of a room. The line that appears the form an outgoing corner is judged as further away than the line that appears to form an ingoing corner. Because the lines are equal in length, the line that us judged to be farther away is perceived as longer

Answer 39

Muller-lyer illusion

Question 40

The measurement of a patients stereopsis proves what impritant info

Answer 40

The minimum amount of disparity required to perceive depth is determined. Stereoacuity

Question 41

The minimum amount of disparity required to perceive depth is determined as the patients ______

Answer 41

Stereoacuity | Can be as small as 3 seconds of arc

Question 42

Disorders of buinocualr vision

Answer 42

May alter an infants visual experience and retard the development of binocular cortical neurons, resulting in reduction in stereoacuity, consequently, the clinical measurement of stereoacuity proceeds important information regarding a patients visual development and binocular status

Question 43

Common clinical practice correcting one eye of a presbyopia for distance and the other eye for near, thereby enabling the patient to alternate between the two eyes to see both distant and neat objects clearly

Answer 43

Monovision

Question 44

Monovision and stereopsis

Answer 44

Can lead to problems with stereopsis because the patients binocularity is impaired

Question 45

Monovision and diplopia

Answer 45

Usually does not cause diplopia

Question 46

Why can a monovision patient maintain depth perception

Answer 46

Because many important cues to depth are monocular

Question 47

A patient with one and eye and depth perception

Answer 47

A patient with one eye manifests excellent depth perception. Althoughstereopsis is an important depth cue for near distances, especially within arms length, it is less important at greater distances

Question 48

Will monovision correction cause a reduction in stereopsis that interferes with driving safety ?

Answer 48

This is not an easy q to answer because each individual adapts to moon vision at a different rate and to a different extent. Some patients perform well with monovion, while others do not. Although many of the judgements requires in driving are for far distances where stereopsis is less important, other judgments are for relatively near distances

Question 49

Perceived as strongly when viewed with one eye as when viewed with both eyes.

Answer 49

Monocular depth cues

Question 50

Major classes of monocular depth cues

Answer 50

Pictorial Accommodation Motion parallax Angular declination

Question 51

Pictorial depth cues

Answer 51

2D representation, such a photograph or painting - relative size - familiar size - linear perspective - texture - interposition - clarity - lighting - shadow

Question 52

Monocular individuals and depth perception

Answer 52

Manifests surprisingly robust depth perception due largely to these cues

Question 53

Binocular depth cues

Answer 53

Retinal disparity | Convergence

Question 54

Depth cues that can be presented in a 2D representation such as a photo or painting

Answer 54

Pictorial depth cues

Question 55

What are the pictorial depth cues

Answer 55

``` Relative size Familiar size Linear perspective Texture Interposition Clarity Lighting Shadow ```

Question 56

A depth cue that compares the size of objects to each other

Answer 56

Relative size

Question 57

The object that produces the smaller image size is perceived as being

Answer 57

Farther away

Question 58

Which of the following depth cues are experienced when viewing a photo

Answer 58

Texture

Question 59

When viewing a railroad, we experience illusion of depth because of

Answer 59

The retinal image size of the rail separation in the background is smaller than for the foreground

Question 60

The distance to any object could be determine by which of the following depth cues

Answer 60

Texture gradient

Question 61

Interposing can occur when the scene is _______ obstructed

Answer 61

Partially

Question 62

Which of the following depth cues cause the illusion that an object is much more distance than it is

Answer 62

Clarity

Question 63

Which of the following depth cues are not pictorial depth cues

Answer 63

Motion parallax

Question 64

When an object is located closer to the observer than the fixated object, the observed disparity is

Answer 64

Crossed

Question 65

As the viewing distance increases usefulness of stereopsis generally

Answer 65

DECREASES

Question 66

During monocular ophthalmoscopy, you see a brown spot. When using the iris as a reference, motion parallax shows with motion. The brown spot is likely located on the

Answer 66

Posterior surface of the lens

Question 67

Which of the following depth cues will not be experienced by a patient with mono vision

Answer 67

Convergence

Question 68

A monocular individual may use which of the following to determine the distance of an object

Answer 68

Angular declination and motion parallax

Question 69

A subject fixates a target located 125cm away. While fixating this target, the patient is aware of a circle located at a distance of 175cm. This second circle produces

Answer 69

Uncrossed retinal disparity

Question 70

Stereopsis may be impaired in

Answer 70

Anismometropia and strabismus

Question 71

Monoviions contact lenses typically cause stereo-sis to

Answer 71

Become worse

Question 72

Motion parallax information is encoded in

Answer 72

MT/V5

Question 73

When viewing a picture, if we experience erroneous judgment of the distance it is _____

Answer 73

Size illusion

Question 74

The appearance of the moon in the horizon being larger than at the zenith is an example of _______ of objects

Answer 74

Interposition

Question 75

The outgoing corner in the muller-lyer appears to be _____ than the ongoing corner

Answer 75

Shorter

Question 76

The test to determine minimum disparity required to perceive depth is

Answer 76

Stereopsis