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Perception Block 10 > Depth Perception > Flashcards

Depth Perception Flashcards

1
Q

A depth cue when viewing a scene that includes objects whose sizes can be compared to each other

A

Relative size

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2
Q

Large ballon and small ballon on paper, which one is closest

A

Larger

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3
Q

Why do we think the larger balloon is closest?

A
  • Because we have no reference, we assume the two balloons are the same size
  • the object that produces the smaller retinal image size is perceived as farther away
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4
Q

The ______ cue tells us how far away differenceonjects are relative to each other, but it cant, on its own, tell us exactly how far away any of the objects are

A

Relative size

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5
Q

If we know how big an object really is, our brains can solve the distance-equals-object-size-divided-by-relative-size relationship to determine absolute distances. This this case we are using the ________ depth cue

A

Familiar depth

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6
Q

This cue is used when viewing objects of known size

A

Familiar size

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7
Q

When viewing the railroad, we experience a strong sense of depth because we ______ the width of the railroad track is the same through the scene

A

Assume

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8
Q

The retinal image size of the rail separation in the background, however, is _____ than in the foreground, creating an illusion of depth

A

Smaller

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9
Q

Why is linear perspective an illusion

A

Because all aspects of the photograph are physically the same distance from your eyes

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10
Q

Texture gradient

A
  • our brains consciously ignore the bricks because they are part of the background of the scene, and were usually more interested in objects in the foreground
  • and unconsciously notices that some bricks are considerably smaller and higher in the VF than others, therefore the bricks form a texture gradient
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11
Q

The distance to any object sitting not he texture can be ________by comparing it to the part of the texture the objects happen to be sitting on

A

Accurately judged

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12
Q

Can occur when the view of a scene is partially obstructed

A

Interposition

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13
Q

A form of interposition, _____ acts as a depth cue because unobscured objects in a picture or actual scene may be perceived as closer than those that are obscured, for example, haze

A

Clarity

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14
Q

What are some examples of things that act as an inter posing element that obscures the view of objects, causing them to appear more distant

A

Fog, smoke, rain, smog

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15
Q

When light falls on an object, the object casts a shadow. This is interpreted as falling behind the object; consequently, a sense of depth is created

A

Lighting and shadow

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16
Q

A monocular observer, standing upright, views an object located on the floor at a distance. Despite the absence of pictorial depth cues, the observer is able to judge correctly the objects distance. How is this done?

A
  • The object makes an angle with the horizaon: angular declination below the horizon.
  • the visual system apparently uses this angle to determine object distance
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17
Q

A kinetic monocular depth cue that results when a moving observer fixates on object while noticing the relative motion of surrounding objects

A

Motion parallax

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18
Q

Brain areas that have cells that encode for parallax information and play a role in processing binocular disparity and motion

A

MT/V5

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19
Q

During ______, the dioptric power of the lens increases, allowing near objects to be focused clearly on the retina

A

Accommodation

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20
Q

A binocular depth cue that allows the visual system to determine that the ball is distant to the fixated object

A

Retinal disparity

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21
Q

Light rays emanating from the most distant ball strike the retina nasally to the fovea, ther etinal disparity is said to be _____

A

Uncrossed

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22
Q

When light rays from the nearest ball strike the retina temporal to the fovea,ther etinal disparity is said to be _______

A

Crossed

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23
Q

In bino, focusing on an object hits the retina

A

Nasally

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24
Q

In bino, focusing on the nearest ball strikes the retina

A

Temporally

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25
Q

Focusing on the middle ball, strikes the retina

A

On the fovea

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26
Q

The perception of depth production by retinal disparity in a normal binocular vision

A

Stereopsis

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27
Q

Important contributor to depth perception at near distances

A

Stereopsis

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28
Q

Why does stereopsis not affect far distances much

A

Because the threshold for the retinal disparity, which is a specified as an angle at the eye, requires such objects to be separates by great distances

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29
Q

Retinal disparity prioduces stereopsis only if it ______ enough to allow fusion

A

Small

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30
Q

If the disparity is too larger the images fall on the retina positions that signal grossly different directions, result in

A

Physiological diplopia

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31
Q

Certain illusions result when pictorial depth cues are used to determine object size

A

Size illusions

32
Q

Our visual system compensates for differences in retinal image size by taking into account the relative distance of an object, a phenomenon referred to as

A

Size constancy

33
Q

When judgments of distance are erroneous, such as when viewing a flat picture, size constancy may fail, resulting in a

A

Size illusion

34
Q

Apparent size of an object with viewing distance

A

In spite of changes in retinal image size, the apparent size of an object does not normally change with viewing distance

35
Q

Although a car that us nearby produces a larger retinal image than when it is further away, it is not perceived as

A

Larger

36
Q

Size constancy fails because monocular depth cues provide incorrect information regarding relative distance

A

Corridor illusion
-although the two plaid balls are the same distance from your eyes, the top one is perceived as farther away, this leads to the illusion that the top ball is larger. In fact, the two balls have the same dimensions

37
Q

When viewed on the horizon, the moon appears larger when viewed at its zenith, even though its angular subtense is the same under conditions

A

Moon illusion

38
Q

Considered by some to be a size illusion, because trees, houses, fields, and other inter posing objects cause the moon to be seen as farther away when viewing on the horizon, it appears larger

A

Moon illusion

39
Q

Understood by sonsidered the vertical lines to be corners of a room. The line that appears the form an outgoing corner is judged as further away than the line that appears to form an ingoing corner. Because the lines are equal in length, the line that us judged to be farther away is perceived as longer

A

Muller-lyer illusion

40
Q

The measurement of a patients stereopsis proves what impritant info

A

The minimum amount of disparity required to perceive depth is determined. Stereoacuity

41
Q

The minimum amount of disparity required to perceive depth is determined as the patients ______

A

Stereoacuity

Can be as small as 3 seconds of arc

42
Q

Disorders of buinocualr vision

A

May alter an infants visual experience and retard the development of binocular cortical neurons, resulting in reduction in stereoacuity, consequently, the clinical measurement of stereoacuity proceeds important information regarding a patients visual development and binocular status

43
Q

Common clinical practice correcting one eye of a presbyopia for distance and the other eye for near, thereby enabling the patient to alternate between the two eyes to see both distant and neat objects clearly

A

Monovision

44
Q

Monovision and stereopsis

A

Can lead to problems with stereopsis because the patients binocularity is impaired

45
Q

Monovision and diplopia

A

Usually does not cause diplopia

46
Q

Why can a monovision patient maintain depth perception

A

Because many important cues to depth are monocular

47
Q

A patient with one and eye and depth perception

A

A patient with one eye manifests excellent depth perception. Althoughstereopsis is an important depth cue for near distances, especially within arms length, it is less important at greater distances

48
Q

Will monovision correction cause a reduction in stereopsis that interferes with driving safety ?

A

This is not an easy q to answer because each individual adapts to moon vision at a different rate and to a different extent. Some patients perform well with monovion, while others do not. Although many of the judgements requires in driving are for far distances where stereopsis is less important, other judgments are for relatively near distances

49
Q

Perceived as strongly when viewed with one eye as when viewed with both eyes.

A

Monocular depth cues

50
Q

Major classes of monocular depth cues

A

Pictorial
Accommodation
Motion parallax
Angular declination

51
Q

Pictorial depth cues

A

2D representation, such a photograph or painting

  • relative size
  • familiar size
  • linear perspective
  • texture
  • interposition
  • clarity
  • lighting
  • shadow
52
Q

Monocular individuals and depth perception

A

Manifests surprisingly robust depth perception due largely to these cues

53
Q

Binocular depth cues

A

Retinal disparity

Convergence

54
Q

Depth cues that can be presented in a 2D representation such as a photo or painting

A

Pictorial depth cues

55
Q

What are the pictorial depth cues

A 
Relative size 
Familiar size 
Linear perspective 
Texture 
Interposition
Clarity 
Lighting 
Shadow
56
Q

A depth cue that compares the size of objects to each other

A

Relative size

57
Q

The object that produces the smaller image size is perceived as being

A

Farther away

58
Q

Which of the following depth cues are experienced when viewing a photo

A

Texture

59
Q

When viewing a railroad, we experience illusion of depth because of

A

The retinal image size of the rail separation in the background is smaller than for the foreground

60
Q

The distance to any object could be determine by which of the following depth cues

A

Texture gradient

61
Q

Interposing can occur when the scene is _______ obstructed

A

Partially

62
Q

Which of the following depth cues cause the illusion that an object is much more distance than it is

A

Clarity

63
Q

Which of the following depth cues are not pictorial depth cues

A

Motion parallax

64
Q

When an object is located closer to the observer than the fixated object, the observed disparity is

A

Crossed

65
Q

As the viewing distance increases usefulness of stereopsis generally

A

DECREASES

66
Q

During monocular ophthalmoscopy, you see a brown spot. When using the iris as a reference, motion parallax shows with motion. The brown spot is likely located on the

A

Posterior surface of the lens

67
Q

Which of the following depth cues will not be experienced by a patient with mono vision

A

Convergence

68
Q

A monocular individual may use which of the following to determine the distance of an object

A

Angular declination and motion parallax

69
Q

A subject fixates a target located 125cm away. While fixating this target, the patient is aware of a circle located at a distance of 175cm. This second circle produces

A

Uncrossed retinal disparity

70
Q

Stereopsis may be impaired in

A

Anismometropia and strabismus

71
Q

Monoviions contact lenses typically cause stereo-sis to

A

Become worse

72
Q

Motion parallax information is encoded in

A

MT/V5

73
Q

When viewing a picture, if we experience erroneous judgment of the distance it is _____

A

Size illusion

74
Q

The appearance of the moon in the horizon being larger than at the zenith is an example of _______ of objects

A

Interposition

75
Q

The outgoing corner in the muller-lyer appears to be _____ than the ongoing corner

A

Shorter

76
Q

The test to determine minimum disparity required to perceive depth is

A

Stereopsis

Perception Block 10 (3 decks)

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