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Sensation and Perception > Depth Perception > Flashcards

Depth Perception Flashcards

1
Q

What is a pictorial depth cue?

A

A cue used to depict 3D depth in 2D pictures.

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2
Q

What is occlusion?

A

Occlusion is a depth cue that gives us information about the relative position of objects. It is used to describe the situation where an object or part of an object is blocked by another object.

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3
Q

What type of depth cue is occlusion?

A

Occlusion is a non-metric depth cue

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4
Q

Non-Metric Depth cue

A

Gives us information about the depth order (relative depth) but not the depth magnitude (e.g., his nose is in front of the face).
examples: relative size, texture gradient, interposition, and linear perspective.

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5
Q

What is a metrical depth cue?

A

A metrical depth cue provides us with information about distance and depth of objects (e.g stereopsis)

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6
Q

What does projective geometry describe?

A

Projective geometry describes how the world is projected onto a surface.

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7
Q

What are texture fields?

A

Texture fields are patterns or textures that give the impression of depth or three-dimensionality.

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8
Q

What are textural fields a combination of?

A

Texture fields that appear three-dimensional are actually a combination of relative size and relative height cues

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9
Q

What is familiar size as a depth cue?

A

Depth cue based on the knowledge of the typical sizes of objects such as humans or pennies

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10
Q

Absolute metrical depth cue

A

A depth cue that provides quantifiable information about distance in the 3D world.

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11
Q

Is familiar size an absolute metrical depth cue?

A

Familiar size could be an absolute metrical depth cue, which is a depth cue that provides quantifiable information about distance in the 3D world.

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12
Q

Difference between monocular and binocular cues

A

Binocular cues require two eyes to perceive depth, while monocular cues can be perceived with just one eye.

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13
Q

Triangulation Cues:

A

Refers to the triangle formed by the two eyes and the point on which they fixated in the 3D world.

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14
Q

What are the two main types of triangular cues?

A

1) Monocular (motion parallex and focus)
2) Binocular (Convergence and Stereopsis)

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15
Q

What is motion parallax?

A

Depth cue that is based on head movement. It is a visual phenomenon that occurs when we move our head or body and the objects in our environment appear to move at different rates.

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16
Q

What does motion parallax allow?

A

1) Allows us to see the world from multiple viewpoints at different times by moving our head.
2) It also provides relative metrical information about how far away objects are.

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17
Q

What is optic flow?

A

Visual phenomenon that occurs when we move through our environment, causing the visual world to appear to move around us.

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18
Q

What is convergence?

A

A phenomenon that occurs when our eyes move inwards towards each other, allowing us to focus on objects that are close to us.

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19
Q

The closer the object is to our eyes, the more our eyes must_______ in order to focus on it.

A

converge

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20
Q

What is divergence?

A

Divergence is the ability of the two eyes to turn outward to focus on objects that are far away.

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21
Q

As we shift focus from a near to far point, our eyes ________.

A

diverge

22
Q

What is binocular disparity?

A

Binocular disparity refers to the differences between the images falling on our two retina.

23
Q

What is stereopsis?

A

The ability of our brain to perceive depth or three-dimensional (3D) information from the slightly different images captured by our two eyes.

24
Q

What is absolute disparity?

A

The distance between an object’s position in the left eye and its position in the right eye. When an object is closer to us, its absolute disparity will be larger than when it is farther away.

25
Q

What are relative disparities?

A

Relative disparities are the difference in the absolute disparities of two objects.

26
Q

What are corresponding retinal points?

A

Corresponding retinal points are the points on the retina of each eye that line up with the same location in visual space.

27
Q

What is the Vieth-Müller circle?

A

The Vieth-Müller circle is an imaginary circle that passes through the two eyes and the object being fixated.

28
Q

Objects lying on the Vieth-Müller circle project images onto _________, with ____

A

corresponding retinal points, zero binocular disparity.

29
Q

What is the horopter?

A

The horopter is the surface of zero disparity that runs through the point where both eyes are fixated. Any object placed on the horopter will form images on corresponding retinal points.

30
Q

What determines the position of the horopter in the world?

A

The position of the horopter in the world depends on the current state of convergence of the eyes.

31
Q

What happens to the disparity and depth of an object as the disparity increases?

A

The larger the disparity, the greater the distance in depth of the object from the horopter.

32
Q

What happens to an object that is significantly closer or farther away from the horopter?

A

Objects significantly closer or farther away from the horopter form non-corresponding images in the two eyes. These images do not fuse and result in diplopia, or double vision.

33
Q

What are the lower limits of stereopsis?

A

The lower limits of stereopsis are the smallest disparities that can be detected, which occur just to either side of the horopter.

34
Q

What happens beyond Panum’s fusional area?

A

Beyond Panum’s fusional area, objects will appear double or diplopic, meaning they will not fuse into a single image.

35
Q

Can relative depth still be perceived when objects are diplopic?

A

Yes, even when objects are diplopic, relative depth can still be perceived.

36
Q

What is the difference between quantitative and qualitative depth information provided by stereopsis?

A

Within a certain range of disparities, stereopsis provides quantitative depth information, meaning the relative depth of objects can be accurately estimated. As disparities increase beyond this range, stereopsis provides qualitative depth information, meaning objects can only be distinguished as being in front or behind, without an accurate estimate of their relative depth.

37
Q

What is the upper limit of stereopsis?

A

Once disparities exceed the upper limit of stereopsis, there is no longer any useful depth information provided by stereopsis.

38
Q

What is a stereoscope?

A

A stereoscope is a device that helps you see pictures in 3D

39
Q

What is crossed disparity?

A

Refers to the displacement of images of objects located in front of the horopter to the left in the right eye and to the right in the left eye.

40
Q

What is uncrossed disparity?

A

Uncrossed disparity refers to the displacement of images of objects located behind the horopter to the right in the right eye and to the left in the left eye.

41
Q

What is stereoblindness?

A

Stereoblindness is a condition in which a person is unable to perceive depth and three-dimensional images using stereopsis, which is the process of combining slightly different images from each eye to create a single image with depth.

42
Q

What is the correspondence problem?

A

The correspondence problem is a challenge that arises when our brain tries to match the images seen by each eye in order to create a single, three-dimensional image.

43
Q

What is the continuity constraint?

A

The continuity constraint is a principle that states that neighboring points in each eye’s image are likely to correspond to neighboring points in the other eye’s image. Our brain uses this constraint to fill in gaps in the correspondence between the two images and create a smooth and coherent 3D image.

44
Q

Where does the convergence of input from both eyes happen for stereopsis to occur?

A

The convergence happens in the primary visual cortex (V1), where most neurons are binocular.

45
Q

What are binocular neurons?

A

Binocular neurons have two receptive fields, one in each eye.

46
Q

Metrical stereopsis

A

Metrical stereopsis involves the precise calculation of the distance between objects in the visual scene.
- Often used to judge distances in 3D space, such as when reaching for objects.

47
Q

nonmetrical Stereopsis

A

Ability to perceive the overall layout of a scene and relative distances between objects without necessarily being able to make precise calculations of distance.

48
Q

What is the role of the dorsal where pathway in stereopsis?

A

The dorsal where pathway is most interested in metrical stereopsis, which provides precise depth information.

49
Q

What is the role of V2 in stereopsis?

A

Neurons in V2 are sensitive to relative disparities, which provide the basis for fine stereoacuity.

50
Q

What is the role of V4 in stereopsis?

A

Visual area V4 is involved in computing depth intervals

51
Q

What is the role of inferotemporal cortex in stereopsis?

A

Higher cortical areas, such as inferotemporal cortex, are involved in the representation of complex three-dimensional shapes.

Sensation and Perception (17 decks)

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