Depth 3: Troublesome Ireland: Tryone’s rebellion, 1594-1603 Flashcards
1
Q
The reasons of the Nine Years’ War:
Long-term problems in Anglo-Irish relations?
A
- always discontent in Ireland for all tudors monarchs who believed they had the right to control it. They controlled Dublin and its Pale.
- Most Ireland controlled by Anglo-Irish members of nobility, e.g. O’Neills acting as quasi-kings.
- Diff. governance and culture to that of England e.g. practice of Tanistry. Didn’t adopt term ‘Earl’.
- Virtually lawless.
2
Q
The reasons of the Nine Years’ War:
Long-term causes of the rebellion?
A
- More serious from 1530’s in HVIII break with Rome. Threat of a catholic crusade from Ireland.
- HVIII chose do policy of conciliation
- 1541, Anglo-Irish recognise H right to be king of Ireland Anglo-Irish to be tenants-in-chief.
- However, Anglo-Irish chose to remain semi-independent. Mary appointed Sussex who fortified Pale and encouraged English settlers to move to Ireland. Idea of ‘civilise’.
3
Q
Elizabeth’s rule of Ireland, 1559-94?
A
- Protestant queen = threat of catholic rising. 1569 Revolt of Northern Earls in England.
- Gov. now pursue more hardline policy. = Irish laws and culture to be replaced with English. e.g. Connaught and Munster in 1569 and 1571 try establish councils.
- Traditional Irish regions sub-divided into English-style counties = Sheriffs.
- Munster rebellions 1569 and 79-83 unsuccessful. = Rebels brutally suppressed and hunted down .
- By 1592 there was 775 English settlers in Munster.
- Settlers saw it as God-given duties to convert Irish.
- 1585, Gov. used composition e.g. Connaught persuaded by English to agree to payments with Irish landlords of 10 shillings everyday for 50 hectares of inhabited land to council of Connaught. = Reduced often arbitrary financial demands. Supposed accept English law + tradition.
4
Q
Who was Sir Walter Raleigh and his connection to Ireland and the colonisation of the New World?
A
- 1584, a explorer instructed by Elizabeth I to explore + set up colonies in NorthAmerica.
- These inspired same thing in Ireland e.g. Took advantage of the confiscation of the Desmond lands to acquire extensive Irish estates and make English settlers tenants.
5
Q
English incursions into Ulster from the 1570s?
A
- Ulster remained most Gaelic part of Ireland, controlled by O’Neill clan and disputed by rival clan O’Donnells.
- From 1570s, English began push into Ulster territories
- Essex and Smith granted contract to establish settlement in Eastern Ulster, but plantation failed.
- Both O’Neills and O’Donnels resisted plantations. = 1574, 200 members of O’Neills massacred at feast invited to by English; 1575, 500 of O’Donnell killed in surprise raid.
- 1576, call off of plantation
6
Q
Resentment of the Earl of Tyrone and other Ulster lords?
A
- O’Neill accepting English title of Earl ofTyrone in 1585 = temporary peace.
- Tensions grew with English attempts to settle in Ulster
- 1585, chieftains of Ulster started agree with commutation + re-granting of estates to Eng. crown.
- MacMahon land In Ulster given to English settlers such as Sir Henry Bagenal by his execution in 1590.
- Anyone failed to keep side of re-grant agreements could now be tried for treason.
- Tyrone became a potential obstacle to asserting full English dominance in Ulster. Ended up marrying Bagnels sister through being eloped.
- O’Donnel kidnapped + imrpsioned in Dublin castle by Eng. and ended up plotting against them. Maguire also resentful against Eng. All three struggled to remained neutral with English. 1590s!!!
7
Q
When was the Battle of Clontibert?
A
1595
8
Q
When was the Battle of Yellow Ford?
A
1598
9
Q
When was the battle of Curlew pass?
A
1599
10
Q
When was the battle of Kinsale?
A
1601
11
Q
When was the defeat of the Irish rebellion?
A
1603
12
Q
What happened in June 1594?
A
- June 1594, O’Donnel and Maguire besieged English Enniskillen castle. Eng. force heading for it killed = 56 soldiers
13
Q
Support for Tyrone within Ireland?
A
- Rebel was large and organised
- English + Spanish captains to train his men and weapons + ammunition.
- 1595, led army of 1,000 cavalry, 4,000 musketmen and 1,000 pikeman.
- Support of O’Donnell and Hugh Maguire.
- Irish men in English army deserted and helped.
- Cavalry better trained than eng. horsemen.
14
Q
Examples of Tyrones support spreading?
A
- Connaught in 1595
- 1598, Leinster and Munster joined
- Supporters James FitzThomas and Florence MacCarthy.
- 1596, rebels claimed to have 6,000 footmen and 1,200 cavalry compared to Eng. 5,732 footmen and 617 cavalry.
- Elizabeth sent largest army of her reign as a result under leadership of Devereux.
15
Q
Role of Philip II of Spain
A
- England and Spain been at war since 1585 and Spanish Armada failed in 1588
- English troops help support Protestant settlers in Netherlands fighting Spanish.
- 1596, Philip sent second armada to Ireland = 100 ships + additional fleet sent to attack England itself.
- Strong winds = 32 ships lost and rest returned to Spain.
