Depression (Rumination)

Question 1

Rumination Definiton and correlations

Answer 1

• Rumination: persistent, instrusive, distraction-resistant thought
  
  • People who score high on rumination score high on depression
  • Rumination predicts higher levels of depression over time

Question 2

Using Distraction for Depression

Answer 2

• Distraction does not give shorter depressive episodes
• May have longer episodes as a result

Question 3

Cognitive Behavioural Therapy

Answer 3

1. Problem/Stressor: dealt with problem solving
2. Negative Conditions: Cognitive states can make you more/less susceptible. Dealt with with cognitive change
3. Depression
4. Social Withdrawal: CBT uses Behavioural activation which encourages active social environment to test the problem/stressor

• Effective according to the research
  
  • Appears mostly the behavioural activation portion works

Question 4

Cognitive Change Therapies

Answer 4

1. Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT)
2. Mindfulness Based Cognitive Therapy (MBCT)

Question 5

Anti-depressants

Answer 5

• Reduce rumination
• But they also reduce performance on working memory and vigilance

Question 6

Item Ruminative Response Scale

(Treynor)

Answer 6

• Found that people who scored higher on depression, also score high on rumination
  
  • Many problems with this survey
• Questions were already emotionally valent with influence
• Has questions directly asking about depression
• When you test correlation of non-depression questions you get two types of rumination.

Question 7

2 Types of Rumination

Answer 7

• Reflection (Analytical Rumination)
  
  • Includes a lot of questions about analysis
  • Reflection may be adaptive
• Brooding
  
  • Seems to be things about the past
  • Maladaptive
• High levels of brooding at time 1 correlate to depression at time 2.
  
  • Reflection is negatively correlated with depression at time 2
  • Maybe they are problem solving through their problems

Question 8

Analytical Rumination Questionnaire

Answer 8

• Developed 20 questions to analyze based on 4 basic things
  
  1. Understanding the cause of the problem
  2. Understanding the aspects that need to be solves
  3. Generating solutions
  4. Evaluating advantages/disadvantages
• Strong correlation to IRRS scale for reflection

Question 9

ARQ with clinical population

Answer 9

• .45 correlation with ARQ score and depressive symtoms

Question 10

Perceived Complexity of Problems

Survey

Answer 10

• Postively correlated with depressive symptoms, but not ruminatio

Question 11

Promoting Rumination

Answer 11

• May increase symptoms in the short term, but decreases symptoms in the long term.
• Hayes tested this on subclinical population
• Made population write in diaries about feelings/thoughts associated with episode.
  
  • Increased stress during the writing, but decreases it over time after a big spike
• Bad outcomes LACKED the spike
  
  • People rated the diary entries and the spikes are associated with increase processing/insight
  • Bad outcomes associated with avoidance

Question 12

Andrews Paper

Answer 12

• Had fictional writing, control and writing about most significant problem for MAc students in the past 2 weeks
  
  • Increased depressive mood during the task