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Sem 4 - Nervous System > Depression > Flashcards

Depression Flashcards

1
Q

What are the main symptoms of depression?

A

Low mood

Lack of energy

Lack of interest and enjoyment

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2
Q

What are some other symptoms of depression?

A

Loss of appetite

Weight loss

Insomnia

Depressive thoughts

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3
Q

What is the minimum of duration of symptoms for depression?

A

Every day for 2 weeks

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4
Q

What is a normal adjustment reaction?

A

State of emotional distress following experience of a traumatic event

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5
Q

How does depression differ from a normal adjustment reaction?

A

Symptoms develop gradually, continuous, chronic

Lack of interest
Low energy
Insomnia, particular early morning waking 
Loss of appetite, weight loss
Low self-esteem, feelings of guilt
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6
Q

What structures of the brain are involved in depression?

A

Frontal lobe

Basal ganglia

Limbic system

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7
Q

What are the main functions of the limbic system?

A

Emotion

Motivation

Memory

Behaviour

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8
Q

What part of the frontal lobe is most significant in depression?

A

Prefrontal area

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9
Q

How is the frontal lobe affected in depression?

A

Hypoperfused

Dysfunctional

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10
Q

What are the functions of the basal ganglia that are relevant to depression?

A

Cognition

Emotion

Behaviour

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11
Q

How are the frontal lobes, basal ganglia and limbic system affected as a whole unit in depression?

A

Dysfunctional circuits between these brain areas

Affects cognition, motor systems

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12
Q

What are the two neurotransmitters involved in depression? Which is more important?

A

Noradrenaline

Serotonin - more important

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13
Q

Where is noradrenaline made in the brain?

A

Locus coeruleus in the brainstem pons and medulla

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14
Q

What happens to noradrenaline after it is made in the locus coeruleus in the brainstem?

A

Transported to the cortex and limbic system and cerbellum

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15
Q

When is noradrenaline made in the brain?

A

Locus coeruleus is active when are awake and inactive during sleep

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15
Q

What increases noradrenaline production in the brain?

A

Stress

Amphetamines

17
Q

What are the functions of noradrenaline in the brain?

A

Mood - restlessness and anxiety

Behaviour - arousal and alertness

Memory

18
Q

Which adrenergic receptor in the brain plays a role in mood and behaviour?

A

Alpha receptors

19
Q

What is the evidence that noradrenaline is involved in depression?

A

AMPT inhibits tyrosine being converted into L-DOPA which reduces noradrenaline, causes an increase in depressive symptoms

Serotonin noradrenaline reuptake inhibitors are effective anti-depressants

Tricyclic anti-depressants are effective anti-depressants, some of these are SNRIs

20
Q

What are the functions of serotonin in the brain?

A

Appetite

Sleep

Mood

21
Q

Where is serotonin produced in the brain?

A

Raphe nuclei int he brainstem

22
Q

What happens to serotonin after it is produced in the Raphe nuclei in the brainstem?

A

Transported to cortex and limbic system

23
Q

What is the evidence that serotonin is involved in depression?

A

Tryptophan depletion causes depression

5HIAA depletion with depression

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors are effective anti-depressants

Tricyclic anti-depressants are effective, some of these are SNRIs

24
Q

How does 5HIAA relate to serotonin?

A

Metabolite of serotonin

25
Q

What is the monoamine hypothesis for depression?

A

Depletion of serotonin and noradrenaline in the CNS is the pathophysiology of depression

26
Q

How does tryptophan relate to serotonin?

A

Precursor of serotonin

27
Q

What are the types of causes of depression? What do they each mean?

A

Predisposing, these make depression more likely

Precipitating, these trigger depression

Perpetuating, these maintain depression

28
Q

What are some examples of predisposing factors of depression?

A

Genetics - 50%

Female gender

29
Q

What is an example of a gene that may be involved in causing depression?

A

Serotonin transporter gene

30
Q

What are some examples of precipitating factors of depression?

A

Personality difficulties

Physical disorders

Alcohol, drug misuse

31
Q

What particular type of physical disorders may cause depression?

A

Chronic diseases

32
Q

How is depression treated?

A

Anti-depressant

Psychotherapy, CBT

Encouragement of hobbies

33
Q

What types of depression are anti-depressants effective at treating?

A

Moderate or severe depression, not mild

34
Q

How can alcohol misuse cause depression?

A

Alcohol crosses the blood-brain barrier

35
Q

What type of anti-depressant is usually used to treat depression?

A

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors

Sem 4 - Nervous System (25 decks)

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