Depression Flashcards
What is the heritability percentage for depression and bipolar?
Depression 40%
Bipolar 70%
What is the lifetime prevalence of depression?
17%
What is the lifetime prevalence of bipolar?
4%
What is the comorbidity of anxiety disorders with depression?
60%
How long do sympotoms have to last to be considered a major depressive episode?
Present nearly everyday for at least 2 weeks
Give 2 key symptoms of depression and 4 ancillary symptoms?
Key Symptoms
Depressed mood
Marked diminished intrest or pleasure in all activities (anhedonia)
Ancillary Symptoms
Fatigue
Changes in appetite or weight
Insomnia or hypersomnia
Conncentration difficulties
How is early morning waking clasified?
2 hours or more before usual time
At what time of the day is depression often at its worst?
Regularly worse in mornings
Lifetime prevalence of MDD for men and women?
Women 10-25%
Men 5-12%
What conditions often comorbid with MDD that can make treatment difficult?
Personality disorders, dysthymia, substance use disorder
What is meant by the term parasuicide?
Person hopes to resolve interpersonal difficulties by making a self harming gesture. To elicit care concern or pitty
First episode MDD is typically precipitated by a major stressful life event particulalry those associated with***
Loss
Seperation
Bereavement
illness
unemployment
What effect does first episode MDD have on subsequent episodes?
Threshold for it decreases
Even minor stressors may percipatate full blown episode (After 3 or more episodes of MDD)
Chronic rumination and catastrophizing link the two
Seasonal depression occuring in winter is caused by what and is marked by what?
Low levels of sunlight
Hypersomnia, overeating, carbs craving and weight gain
Name five factors that maintain depression?
Enviornment stress that exceeds individuals capacity to cope,
low levels activity,
constrained lifestyle,
little positive interaction,
unsupportive relationships
depressive cognitive style.
What proportion of those with acute depression recover after a course of pharmacological and psychological treatment?
A half to two thirds
Relapse after termination of medication is delayed longer for those who also recieved **
Psychological treatment
What percentage of depressed people experience another episode? How many episodes on average do they have in their lifetime?
85%
4 20 week episodes
After 2 years what percentage of those recieving just antidepressants relapse? Just CBT?
50-80% Meds
20-35% CBT
What are three important steps in the managment of mood problems?
- Assess self-harm and suicide risk
- Clarify nature and extent of symptomatology
- Identify predisposing, percipitating, maintaning and protective factors.
