depression Flashcards
how long does it take to get diagnosed with depression?
symptoms must be present for at least 2 weeks for a diagnosis
what type of disorder is depression?
mood disorder- characterised by low mood, lack of energy + motivation
2 main types, unipolar + bipolar
what are the DSM-5 categories of depression?
- major depressive disorder
- persistent depressive disorder
- disruptive mood dysregulation disorder
- premenstrual dysphoric disorder
DSM-5, what is major depressive disorder?
severe, but often short-term depression
DSM-5, what is persistent depressive disorder?
long-term, recurring depression, concluding sustained major depression
DSM-5, what is disruptive mood dysregulation disorder?
childhood temper tantrums
DSM-5, what is premenstrual dysphoric disorder?
disruption to mood prior to or during female menstruation
what are behavioural characteristics of depression?
- activity levels
- disruption to sleep and eating behaviour
- aggression + self harm
behavioural characteristics of depression- activity levels?
reduced levels of energy (lethargic)= withdrawal from daily life OR some people see increase in levels of activity= restlessness
behavioural characteristics of depression- disruption to sleep + eating behaviour?
either increase or decrease in food consumption. Increase or decrease (insomnia) in sleeping
behavioural characteristics of depression- aggression + self harm?
depressed person may become more aggressive to others and/or self harm (cutting themselves/suicidal behaviour)
what are emotional characteristics of depression?
- lowered mood
- anger
- lowered self-esteem
- loss of interest
emotional characteristics of depression- lowered mood?
sadness + may feel hopeless
emotional characteristics of depression- anger?
negative emotions can lead to anger outbursts + unpredictable mood swings
emotional characteristics of depression- lowered self-esteem?
not liking yourself, self-loathing= can exacerbate sadness + feelings of loneliness
emotional characteristics of depression- loss of interest?
in activities, hobbies etc
what are the cognitive characteristics of depression?
- poor concentration- inability to focus on one task, hard to make decisions
- attending + dwelling on the negative- bias towards recalling unhappy events rather than sad ones
- negative view of the world
- absolutist thinking- if an event= unfortunate they’ll see it as an absolute disaster
what approach is used to explain depression?
Cognitive
cognitive approach to explaining depression- what are the 2 explanations?
Beck’s negative triads
Ellis ABC model
Beck’s negative triad- outline
- explains why some people are more vulnerable to depression than others
- a persons cognitions creates this vulnerability
Beck’s negative triad- what are the 3 parts
- negative self schemes
- faulty information processing
- negative triad
Beck’s negative triad- negative self schemes
- self-schema= package of ideas that we have about ourselves
- negative self-schema= what depressed people have
–> individual only focuses on negative undesirable aspects of themselves e.g. thinking you’ll fail everything
Beck’s negative triad- faulty information processing
depressed people focus on the negative aspects of a situation (it ignores positive), misperceive reality –> blow small problems out of proportion e.g. you’re a success of failure, can’t be not good at some things and ok at other things
Beck’s negative triad- faulty information processing, 5 aspects of it
1) overgeneralisation- make a general conclusion based off a single occurrence
2) personalisation- negative feelings of others are attributed to something about you
3) selective abstraction- focus on one aspect of a situation + overlook positive aspects
4) magnification- exaggerating significance of events
5) minimisation- underplaying positive events + outcomes