depression

Question 1

Three brain areas involved in depression

Answer 1

PFC, hippocampus, amygdala

Question 2

PFC pathology involved in depression

Answer 2

reduced number of glia
reduced neuron size
reduced volume

Question 3

hippocampus pathology involved in depression

Answer 3

reduced number of GABA interneurons
reduced volume

Question 4

amygdala pathology involved in depression

Answer 4

overactivation

Question 5

what are the monoamines

Answer 5

SA, noradrenaline, DA

Question 6

monoamine oxidase inhibitors indicate…

Answer 6

depletion of monoamines contributes to the pathology of depression

Question 7

areas involved with noradrenaline (in depression)

Answer 7

locus coeruleus and caudal raphe nuclei

Question 8

systems involved in dopamine (depression)

Answer 8

nigostriatal system and mesolimbic system

Question 9

areas involved in serotonin (depression)

Answer 9

caudal raphe nuclei and rostral raphe nuclei

Question 10

amino acid thats reduction will produce symptoms of depression

Answer 10

tryptophan

Question 11

how does tryptophan produce symptoms of depression

Answer 11

you need it to make a substance needed to make serotonin

Question 12

dopamine serotonin and noradrenaline in depression (up or down)

Answer 12

are all reduced

Question 13

noradrenaline pathology in mania

Answer 13

increased noradrenaline metabolites

Question 14

dopamine pathology in mania

Answer 14

increases in dopamine metabolites

Question 15

serotonin pathology in mania

Answer 15

excess SA may trigger it

Question 16

GABA pathology in mania

Answer 16

GABA neurotransmission is reduced

Question 17

what action do tricyclic antidepressants have

Answer 17

block re-uptake of all monoamines- restoring levels to normal by blocking transporters

Question 18

what action do monoamine oxidase inhibitors

Answer 18

stop the metabolism (breakdown) of active monoamines, meaning all monoamines are repackaged

Question 19

negatives of tricyclic antidepressants

Answer 19

cardiotoxic (very bad), impaired vision, memory, learning impairments etc

Question 20

issue with monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAO)

Answer 20

cardiotoxic and food and drug interactions, can’t eat cheese, yeast, red wine - anything that contains tyramine - therefore there is non-compliance

Question 21

what do tetracyclic antidepressants act on

Answer 21

noradrenaline and serotonin

Question 22

what action do melatonergic antidepressants have

Answer 22

MT1 and MT2 agonist 5HT2c antagonist
effects

Question 23

atypical antidepressants

Answer 23

trazodone, nefazodone, vortioxetine

Question 24

what is BDNF

Answer 24

a key regulator of neurogenesis

Question 25

BDNF role in depression

Answer 25

increased BDNF levels reduce depression (antidepressants increase this)

Question 26

what psychedelics used for depression

Answer 26

ketamine & psilocybin

Question 27

ketamine action

Answer 27

NMDA antagonist

Question 28

generally what type of drugs are used to treat mania

Answer 28

mood stabilizers

Question 29

types of mood stabiliser

Answer 29

lithium salts, anticonvulsants, neuroleptics

Question 30

how do lithium salts work

Answer 30

stabilizing neurons by reducing the ability of receptors to communicate with second messagener systems, meaning EPSP doesnt occur

Question 31

side effects of lithium salts

Answer 31

gastrointestinal, neuromuscular, CNS, CV system

Question 32

what action do anti-convulsants

Answer 32

prevent positive ion channels from opening and inhibit secondary messenger systems, stops EPSPs, stops overactivity

Question 33

examples of anticonvulsants

Answer 33

carbamazepine and sodium valproate