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Neuropharmacology & Neuroscience > Depression > Flashcards

Depression Flashcards

1
Q

What is unipolar depression?

A

When the mood change is only in one direction

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2
Q

What is bipolar depression?

A

When the mood can change drastically in multiple directions

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3
Q

Name four classes of anti-depressive drugs.

A

1) SSRI
2) Tricyclic AD
3) Monoamine oxidase inhibitors
4) 5-HT - NA reuptake inhibitor

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4
Q

What is the basis for the monoamine hypothesis?

A

Depletion of 5-HT and NA in the brain
(excess in mania)

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5
Q

How can reserpine stabilise mood?

A

It blocks the vesicular reuptake of 5-HT and NA

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6
Q

What is a monoamine oxidase?

A

An enzyme that catalyses the deamination of of 5-HT, NA and DA

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7
Q

What are the types of MAO and what do they act on?

A

MAO-A acts on DA and phenylethylamine
MAO-B acts on 5-HT, NA, DA and tyramine

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8
Q

How can an MAO inhibitor decrease depression symptoms?

A

Preventing the depletion of neurotransmitters, thus decreasing symptoms

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9
Q

What should people on MAOIs not eat?

A

High tyramine foods, such as cheese

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10
Q

What makes a drug a tricyclic antidepressant?

A

It has 3 benzene rings

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11
Q

Name a tricyclic AD

A

Imipramine

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12
Q

Does imipramine work for both mania and depression?

A

No, only for depression

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13
Q

How does imipramine cause its effects?

A

Primarily, it blocks uptake 1 but can cause side effects when it blocks uptake 2

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14
Q

What can happen when imipramine binds to H1 receptors?

A

A sedative effect

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15
Q

What happens when imipramine binds to α-1 and 2 receptors?

A

It induces postural hypertension

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16
Q

What happens when imipramine binds to mACh receptors?

A

It can cause a dry mouth, blurred vision and constipation

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17
Q

How do SSRIs exert their effects?

A

They block the reuptake channel of 5-HT

18
Q

What are the classes of RIs?

A

1) 5-HT+NA RI
2) NA selective RI
3) NA+DA RI

18
Q

How common is overdosing on SSRIs?

A

Infrequent as they are hard to overdose on

18
Q

What are some common side effects of SSRIs?

A

GI issues and lowered libido

19
Q

What is a potentially dangerous risk in children, when taking SSRIs?

A

Increased suicide risk

20
Q

What is it called when excessive- but not fatal- overdoses of SSRIs are taken?

A

Serotonin syndrome

21
Q

Which drugs can also block the reuptake of neurotransmitters?

A

Cocaine and amphetamine

22
Q

Name 5 atypical antipsychotics

A

1) Trazodone
2) Mirtazapine
3) Mianserin
4) Bupropion
5) Venlafaxine

23
Q

What are some characteristics of bupropion?

A

It is neither sedative nor euphoric.
It is a NDRI
It has DA<NA selectivity

24
Q

What are some characteristics of venlafaxine?

A

It is an SNRI
It is fast acting

25
Q

Why are St John’s Worts not good?

A

They are homeopathic and contain an unknown concentration of hyperforin, therefore can have side effects

26
Q

Are there genetic factors involved with depression?

A

Yes, there is a ~37% inheritability, but there are no discernable treatments for this

27
Q

Which receptors does mianserin antagonise?

A

α-1, α-2, 5-HT2a and H1

28
Q

Which receptors does mirtazapine antagonise?

A

α-2, 5-HT 2c and 3
Also claimed to have fast onset

29
Q

What class of drug, other than being atypical AP, is trazodone part of?

A

Noradrenergic and specific serotonergic antidepressant

30
Q

Which receptors does trazodone block?

A

5-HT 2a and 2c and H1

31
Q

Comment on trazodone as a reuptake blocker

A

It is a weak 5-HT reuptake blocker

32
Q

Which neuroendocrine pathway is thought to be dysnfunctional in depression?

A

The hypothalamic-pituitary axis

33
Q

Neurotrophy in which brain regions is associated with depression?

A

Neuronal loss in the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex

34
Q

What can stress result in an increase of?

A

CRF, Cortisol and glutamate

35
Q

How does an increase in CRF, cortisol and glutamate result in depressive symptoms?

A

Via a complex signalling pathway, it results in increased neural apoptosis and decreased neurogenesis

36
Q

What are three promising future therapies for use in depression?

A

1) Circadian rhythm treatment with melatonin
2) Ketamine infusion
3) ECT/ TMS

37
Q

Which drug classes can be useful in stabilising mood in bipolar?

A

Anti-epileptics, Atypical antipsychotics and lithium

38
Q

How is lithium thought to help in bipolar disorder?

A

It interferes with a wide variety of signalling pathways that results in promoted inhibition and reduced excitation

39
Q

Comment on the practicality of lithium as a mood stabiliser

A

It has a very narrow therapeutic window and it can be highly nephrotoxic

Neuropharmacology & Neuroscience (10 decks)

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