Depression

Question 2

what are the three characteristics of mood?

Answer 2

Mood is the persons internal feeling state; mood is the persons pervasive emotional state; mood changes are less connected to internal or external stimuli and occur less spontaneously

Question 3

Describe affect

Answer 3

Affect is considered to be in the emotional foreground during a clinical interview; it is superficial and immediate

Question 4

what is anhedonia

Answer 4

is the inability to experience pleasure or the absence of enjoyment form acts that are usually pleasurable

Question 5

what does alexithymia mean?

Answer 5

alexithymia means literally no words for feelings; the inability to sense and describe mood states

Question 6

what does euthymia mean?

Answer 6

Euthymia is the word used to describe a normal mood; a person with a normal mood is said to be euthymic

Question 7

indigenous individuals are at a higher or lower risk of psychological distress?

Answer 7

Higher

Question 8

do males or females have a higher prevalence of depressive symptoms? Does this prevenance every switch

Answer 8

Females; no females also have a higher prevalence of depressive symptoms

Question 9

do males or females have a higher prevalence of mood disorders? Does this trend every flip?

Answer 9

Females; no females also have a higher prevalence of mood disorders

Question 10

are males or females more likely to commit suicide? For males when is the highest risk of suicide?

Answer 10

Males; 25-29

Question 11

what are the different types of depression?

Answer 11

Major depressive disorder; mood disorder due to general medical condition; substance-induced mood disorder; adjustment disorder with depressed mood; dysthymic disorder; mood disorder not otherwise specified

Question 12

what is the approximant lifetime risk of depression in males? Females?

Answer 12

males:10% females:20%

Question 13

for a diagnosis of major depression a _ week history of what two symptoms is needed?

Answer 13

a 2 week history of depressed mood OR loss of interest or pleasure

Question 14

other than depressed mood and loss of interest or pleasure what are some common symptoms of depression?

Answer 14

Change in weight or appetite; sleep disturbances; agitation or retardation; fatigue or loss of energy; worthlessness or guilt; poor concentration; thoughts of death or suicide

Question 15

what is the mnemonic for depressive symptoms?

Answer 15

SAD-A-FACES; Sleep; Appetite and weight; Dysphoria; Anhedonia; fatigue and anergia; Agitation or retardation; Concentration; Esteem; Suicidal thoughts

Question 16

what are three less common symptoms of MDD (not covered by the mnemonic)?

Answer 16

Diurnal variation of mood or energy (worse in the morning); panic attacks; loss of libido (Sex drive); lack of reactivity

Question 17

what are the two main Psychotic features of depression?

Answer 17

Delusions (involving themes of personal inadequacy; guilt; disease death; poverty; hypochondriasis; nihilism; or deserved punishment) Hallucinations (usually voices making negative comments about the patient and involving similar themes to the delusional content)

Question 18

the onset of MDD is either fast or slow?

Answer 18

May be ether fast or slow

Question 19

what triggers the onset of MDD?

Answer 19

sometimes can follow a clearly identifiable stressor but can occur “Out of the Blue”

Question 20

how long (untreated) will MDD typically last? What is the suicide rate during this time?

Answer 20

6-12 months; 4-15% (estimates vary)

Question 21

when injuring about suicide what are some simple questions to ask?

Answer 21

Inquire about hopelessness; helplessness and worthlessness; does the patient feel they would be better off dead?; Are they taking unnecessary risks?; have they thought about killing themselves?; have they made plans to kill themselves?; have they tried to kill themselves?

Question 22

what are some risk factors for MDD

Answer 22

Gender (F>M); age (onset peaks in late 20s); lower SES; family history; adverse life events; lack of a confiding relationship; physical illness

Question 23

what are some risk factors for suicide?

Answer 23

Male gender; recent losses; drug and alcohol abuse; MDD; lack of social support; serious physical illness; past history of suicide attempts; family history of suicide

Question 24

is MDD genetic?

Answer 24

Yes; MDD is 1.5-3 times more common among first degree biological relatives of persons with MDD than among members of the general pop

Question 25

what are the five areas to investigate when doing an assessment of MDD?

Answer 25

History; mental state examination; physical examination; laboratory investigations; neuroimaging

Question 26

in the mental state examination of an assessment of MDD what are you looking for?

Answer 26

Depressed or irritable affect or mood; Psychomotor abnormalities; thought content

Question 27

in the physical examination part of an assessment of MDD what are you looking for?

Answer 27

Signs of weight loss dehydration and nutritional deficiency; signs of underlining physical disorder;

Question 28

what happens to the hippocampus in MDD? The frontal lobe?

Answer 28

shrinkage; as show by MRI;; Increased blood flow as show by PET

Question 29

what are the major treatments of MDD?

Answer 29

Antidepressants; mood stabilizers; Cognitive behaviour therapy; interpersonal psychotherapy; Electroconvulsive therapy; psychoeducation

Question 30

what are some Cognitive behaviour therapy’s for MDD?

Answer 30

Distraction techniques; monitoring activates; identifying and challenging negative automatic thoughts; identifying and challenging assumptions

Question 31

why is severity of MDD important?

Answer 31

Dictates the type of treatment