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GIL > Dentistry > Flashcards

Dentistry Flashcards

salivary glands muscles of mastication and their innervation swallowing oesophagus

1
Q

Name the major salivary glands

A

Parotid
zygomatic
mandibular
sublingual

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2
Q

Outline the struc of the parotid salivary gland and what kind of saliva it secretes

A

-can be V (carnivores)or C shaped (herbivores ) in slightly different place in each
-mixed mucus/serous saliva
-single duct

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3
Q

outline the struc of zygomatic gland and what saliva it secretes

A

oval shaped differs between species
mostly mucus saliva

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4
Q

Outline the struc of the mandibular gland and what saliva it secretes

A

quite irregular structure secretes , mixed mucus and serous but can alternate

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5
Q

Outline the structure of the sublingual gland and what saliva it secretes

A

have a part with many holes(polystomatic )and a part with one hole (monostamatic), mainly mucous

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6
Q

Components and func of saliva

A

-mostly water
-electrolytes
-protein
-wetting agent - lubricate mucosa
-enzymes/immunoglobulins - protective role and digestion
-bicarbonate buffer - stabilise ph so enamel and dentine don’t dissolve
-hydroxyapatite - calcium ions to maintain enamel and mineralise dental plaque

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7
Q

Species differences in saliva

A

-amylase high pig saliva
-some animals have glands that others don’t
-ruminants have ammonia/urea
-dogs and cats use saliva to thermoregulate

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8
Q

Why does electrolyte composition of saliva vary with flow rate ?

A

Higher flow rate less chance for modification as concentration gradient is low . Therefore lower electrolyte composition with high flow rate

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9
Q

Describe stimulation of saliva secretion (autonomic system )

A

-Sympathetic - saliva production low and viscous as blood diverted away from GI tract to heart
-Parasympathetic - rest and digest , saliva production increased ,watery
-Reflex - ruminants
-Automatic - taste and smell
-Conditioned

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10
Q

Func of tongue in swallowing and muscles

A

-grab food
-control food bolus
-moves food over teeth

-intrinsic and extrinsic muscles ( geniohyodeus , genioglossus )

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11
Q

Hyoid func in swallowing and muscles

A

-series of levers for muscle action
-styloglossus , hyoglossus , hypopharyngeus

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12
Q

Func of pharynx in swallowing and muscles

A

-help with passage of food into oesophagus
-constriction and shortening - rostral , middle and caudal
-dilation - stylopharyngeus caudalis

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13
Q

what nerves innervate the swallowing muscles - muscles of pharynx , hyoids and larynx

A

glossopharyngeal nerve and vagus nerve

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14
Q

What nerve innervates the intrinsic tongue muscle?

A

hypoglossal nerve

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15
Q

What innervates the masticatory muscles ?

A

mandibular nerve of trigeminal

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16
Q

What innervates the digastricus that opens the jaw ?

A

mandibular nerve and facial nerve

17
Q

Outline the swallowing process

A

-1st stage - voluntary
tongue moves food around
masticated food and saliva create bolus
bolus pushed up and back towards pharynx
-2nd stage - involuntary
soft palate elevates closes posterior nares
epiglottis covers larynx and trachea
breathing suspended
-3rd stage - involuntary
oesophagus dilates
upper sphincter of oesophagus opens
bolus passes up and over larynx into oesophagus
bolus moves down oesophagus to lower oesophageal sphincter /stomach( via wave of contractions in circular muscle layer created by swallowing centre in medulla )

18
Q

Describe the stages of tooth development

A

-bud stage - epithelial cells along jaw invaginate to form a dental bud
-cap stage -bud infolds to form a dental cap
-Bell stage -
mesenchyme form dental papilla underneath
still connected to epithelium by cord of cells
dentinogenesis - mesenchymal become odontoblasts and form dentine
amelogenesis -epithelial cells become ameloblasts and form enamel - enamel organ
-eruption and root development
mesenchyme around bud form dental follicle – inner -cementum outer alveolar bone

19
Q

Name the carnivore masticatory muscles that close the mouth and their innervation

A

temporalis -mandibular of trigeminal
masseter - mandibular of the trigeminal

20
Q

Name the carnivore masticatory muscles that open the mouth and their innervation

A

digastricus - mandibular nerve and the facial nerve

21
Q

Name the masticatory muscles of the herbivore and their innervation

A

masseter - mandibular nerve
lat and med pterygoideus (move jaw side ways ) – mandibular nerve
temporalis - mandibular nerve

22
Q

What’s different about masseter and temporalis in herbivores and carnivores and why

A

masseter is larger than temporalis in herbivores and opposite for carnivores - to do with the way they eat

23
Q

How does the tempro-mandibular joint assist mastication ?

A

allows grinding and opposing of teeth

24
Q

What embryonic germ layers relate to struc of tooth ?

A

-mesenchyme originates from neural crest originates from ectoderm
-epithelium cells originate from the ectoderm and turn into ameloblasts

25
Q

Describe common oral cavity diseases

A

-Dental caries - increase acidity causes demineralisation ,odontoclast overactivity
-fungi and yeast infections -ulceration and ,layer over greyish plaque
-bacterial infections
e.g lumpy jaw - mucosal commensals break through mucosa - actinomyces bovis ,wooden tongue
-Viral - FIV, papillomavirus , foot and mouth

26
Q

What is a vesicle ?

A

elevation in skin , clear fluid filled , less than 5mm

27
Q

Erosion

A

partial loss epidermis

28
Q

what is a bulla ?

A

same as vesicle but larger than 5 mm

29
Q

What is an ulcer ?

A

loss of epidermis and dermis

30
Q

Name some vesicular diseases that cause oral lesions

A

foot and mouth disease
swine vesicular disease
vesicular stomatitis
vesicular exanthema

31
Q

Other causes of vesicular formation

A

chemical and physical
photosensation
autoimmune

32
Q

Foot and mouth clinical signs and diagnosis

A

cs- fever , loss appetite ,drop milk production drooling ,vesicles tongue and gum (for pig effects feet more )
diagnosis - ELISA or PCR

33
Q

swine and vesicular disease virus clinical signs and diagnosis

A

cs- lamness , lesions on coronary band
diagnosis - ELISA OR VIRUS ISOLATION

34
Q

FCV clinical signs and diagnosis

A

cs - conjunctivitis , pneumonia , vesicules on oral epithelium ,fever , stiff gait , lethargy , anorexia
diagnosis -virus isolation

35
Q

What is an enzyme assay how might you do this ?

A

measure activty of func of enzyme — you could measure substrate at start and how much product at the end and monitor using e.g spectrophotometer ( colour changes )

36
Q

Adaptions of the GI tract on diet

A

-herbivores -split into hind gut fermenters(horses rabbits, complex caecum and colon )and foregut fermenters ( ruminants -complex stomach ), microbial to digest cellulose
-omnivores -basic gi tract eat wide range food , more epithelial than microbes
-carnivores have short GI tract as food easily digestible and vomit out indigestible bits , more epithelial than microbes

37
Q

What holes does the oesophagus go through

A

mediastinum and oesophageal hiatus of diaphragm

GIL (5 decks)

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