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Restorative Final Exam > Dental Anomalies > Flashcards

Dental Anomalies Flashcards

1
Q

what is an anomaly?

A

a deviation from normal or average that can result in the absence, excess or deformity of body parts

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2
Q

what are the 4 stages of tooth development?

A

initiation
bud
cap
bell

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3
Q

what happens during the initiation stage of tooth development?

A

-begins approximately 6 weeks in utero
- basal cells of the oral epithelium proliferate
- dental lamina becomes distinctive from the oral epithelium and connects the developing tooth bud to the oral epithelium

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4
Q

what happens during the bud stage of tooth development?

A
  • epithelial cells proliferate into the ectomesenchyme of the jaw
  • cells are not clearly arranged yet
  • the actual tooth bud is a group of cells at the periphery of the dental lamina
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5
Q

what happens during the cap stage of tooth development?

A
  • a small group of ectomesenchymal cells form the dental papilla
  • tooth bud (enamel organ) grows around the dental papilla and takes on a cap shape
  • ecentually tooth bud forms enamel and dental papilla forms dentin and pulp
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6
Q

what happens during the bell stage of tooth development?

A
  • enamel organ is bell shaped
  • morphodifferentiation takes place
  • dental lamina disintegrates, separating tooth from oral epithelium
  • during the late bell stage hard tissues develop (enamel and dentin)
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7
Q

what is anodontia and what are the different types?

A

the absence of teeth due to congenital factors inhibiting one or more tooth buds from forming

total anodontia, partial anodontia/hypodontia and oligodontia

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8
Q

what is total anodontia?

A
  • complete absence of teeth (rare)
  • often associated with hereditary ectodermal dysplasia (abnormal development of ectoderm)
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9
Q

what is partial anodontia/hypodontia?

A
  • partial absence of teeth
  • most common in third molars especially maxillary
  • 2nd most common in maxillary lateral incisors
  • 3rd most common in mandibular second premolars
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10
Q

what is oligodontia?

A

absence of more than 6 teeth?

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11
Q

what is supernumerary teeth, how is it caused and where is it most commonly found?

A
  • more teeth than usual
  • results from splitting of permanent tooth bud
  • occurs in both permanent and primary dentition most often in maxilla
  • most common: maxillary incisors
  • 2nd most common: third molars (mostly maxilla)
  • 3rd most common: mandibular premolars
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12
Q

what is a mesiodens?

A

small, cone shaped supernumerary tooth that forms between maxillary central incisors (less commonly occurs between laterals/canines)

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13
Q

what are supernumerary third molars?

A
  • “fourth molars”
  • rarely erupt
  • often found on accident on x-ray
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14
Q

what are supernumerary mandibular premolars?

A
  • generally resemble premolars anatomically
  • often crowded or positioned lingually or facially
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15
Q

what is macrodontia?

A

normally shaped tooth, but larger in size
- usually seen in incisors and canines
- often associated with giantism

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16
Q

what is microdontia?

A

normally shaped tooth, but smaller in size
- usually maxillary laterals and third molars

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16
Q

peg shaped laterals are considered what type of abnormality and occur from?

A

a form of microdontia where the laterals are cone shaped
- development occurs from one lobe rather than 4

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17
Q

what is gemination (twinning) and where is it most common?

A
  • incomplete splitting of a single developing tooth into two where the tooth has only 1 root and 1 pulp chamber
  • most common in primary dentition and maxillary anteriors

**if gemination tooth splits it would develop an extra tooth

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18
Q

what is fusion and how does it occur? would there be more or less teeth in the arch?

A
  • two separate adjacent crowns FUSE and appear to be double in width AND two separate roots fuse with TWO separate pulp chambers
  • occurs by pressure of force during development of adjacent teeth
  • less if the fused teeth are counted as one
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19
Q

what is Hutchinson’s Incisors (congenital Syphilis)?

A
  • where syphilis is passed to child by the mother and causes the incisors to appear notched, broad cervical or more narrow incisally
20
Q

what is mulberry molars (congenital syphilis)?

A
  • first molars have occlusal anatomy made up of tiny tubercles and poorly developed cusps
  • berry like shape is where the name comes from
21
Q

what are Talon Cusps? what would happen if it is removed?

A
  • extra cusp on the lingual surface of anterior teeth that may have a pulp horn
  • may need endo therapy if removed
22
Q

what are the two types of accessory molar cusps and how do they occur?

A
  • tuberculum intermedium: 3rd lingual cusp on mandibular molars
  • tuberculum sextum: extra cusp on mandibular molars
  • occurs from localized hyperplasia and can occur on all molars
23
Q

what is Dens In Dente and how does it occur and where does it occur?

A
  • a tooth within a tooth
  • results from invagination of epithelium of enamel organ prior to calcification
  • almost exclusively in anterior teeth and in peg laterals
    ***clinically can see deep crevice near cingulum of incisors
24
Q

what is a shovel shaped incisor?

A

incisor with pronounced cingulum and marginal ridges

25
Q

what are enamel pearls, where are they found and what can they lead to?

A
  • nodules of enamel with dentin core on root surfaces
  • found in the furcation areas of molars
  • enamel composition prevents normal root-bone attachment leading to periodontal problems
26
Q

what is taurodontia?

A
  • bull like root with a very long pulp chamber without cervical constriction
27
Q

what is a dilaceration, where is it found and how is it caused?

A
  • severe bend in tooth root
  • often found in accessory roots
  • due to traumatic injury or insufficient space for development
28
Q

what is concrescence and why does it occur?

A

fusion of cementum of two adjacent teeth that usually occurs after eruption due to close proximity or excess cementum deposition

29
Q

what is dwarfed (blunted) roots and why do they occur?

A
  • normally sized crowns but small roots
  • can result from orthodontic movement too rapidly
30
Q

what is hypercementosis and what is it caused by?

A
  • excess cementum around the root
  • can be caused by trauma, metabolic dysfunction or periodical inflammation
31
Q

what are accessory roots and where do they occur?

A
  • extra small root off main root
  • most often occur as a facial and lingual split (mesial and distal split is rare)
  • can occur in third molars, mandibular canines, mandibular premolars, and other teeth
32
Q

what are impacted teeth and where do they occur most?

A
  • unerupted teeth due to mechanical obstruction (evolution of decreasing jaw size)
  • most often in third molars and maxillary canines
33
Q

what are the two types of misplaced teeth (ectopic eruption or transposition) and what tooth does it mostly occur?

A

labioversion- tooth located too far facial
linguoversion- tooth located too far lingually

  • often in canines
34
Q

what is ankylosis and what is it caused by?

A
  • loss of periodontal ligament space which causes the tooth to fuse to the bone
  • can be caused by infection or trauma to the PDL space
35
Q

what is dysplasia?

A

abnormal development

36
Q

what is hypomineralization?

A

too little mineral content

37
Q

what is hypocalcification?

A

too little calcium

38
Q

what is hypoplasia?

A

incomplete formation of tissue

39
Q

what is amelogenesis imperfecta an what are some complications?

A
  • hereditary enamel dysplasia that affects enamel development in both the primary and permeant dentition where there is a partial or complete lack of enamel
  • abnormal tooth color, higher risk of dental decay, hypersensitivity, teeth likely undergo attrition
40
Q

what is fluorosis and how is it caused?

A
  • mottled enamel where the enamel changes to white or yellow/brown spots and may cause pitted enamel
  • caused by ingestion of high concentrations of fluoride during enamel formation
41
Q

what is focal enamel hypoplasia (hypomaturation), where does it occur and how is it caused?

A
  • when enamel doesn’t develop properly
  • usually occurs in the middle crown of smooth tooth surfaces
  • can be caused by: trauma, infection of adjacent tooth, high fever during tooth formation, other interferences during enamel formation
42
Q

what is dentinogenesis imperfecta and what are some symptoms?

A
  • hereditary dentin dysplasia affecting odontoblasts and causes the teeth to be weak and susceptible to attrition
  • teeth appear opalescent, light blue gray to yellow color and they have partial or total calcification of the pulp chamber
43
Q

what is tetracycline staining and why does it occur?

A
  • teeth appear yellow or gray brown: usually present with characteristic staining bands
  • occurs when tetracycline is ingested by a pregnant woman or infant child
44
Q

what is attrition? what is bruxism?

A
  • wearing away of enamel and eventually dentin due to grinding of teeth seen on occlusal and incisal edges
  • the excessive grinding of teeth
45
Q

what is abrasion and why does it occur?

A
  • mechanical wear of tooth structure often located in cervical areas due to hard toothbrushing or aggressive horizontal brushing
46
Q

what is abfraction?

A

bending/flexure of tooth caused by heavy occlusal forces

47
Q

what is erosion and what causes it?

A
  • tooth loss due to exposure to chemicals
  • bulimia, serve acid reflux, lemon sucking, excessive intake of carbonated beverages or acidic foods/drink

Restorative Final Exam (10 decks)

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