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MicroImmuno > Dent Sci 126: Cariology > Flashcards

Dent Sci 126: Cariology Flashcards

1
Q

Root caries prevalence increases dramatically after about age 35 years because:

A

of gingival recession

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2
Q

Root caries occurs:

A

on any exposed root surface where conditions lead to demineralization

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3
Q

An early root caries lesion:

A

can not be seen by the human eye

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4
Q

An advanced root caries lesion always has:

A

a lesion body and a frontal zone

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5
Q

Bacteria that cause root caries include:

A

S. mutans + lactobacillus species

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6
Q

The traditional explorer has been reported to have what percent sensitivity in carious lesion detection

A

50%

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7
Q

Bitewing radiographs of carious lesions in the occlusal surface:

A

grossly underestimates the extent of the lesion

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8
Q

Optical coherence tomography (OCT):

A

is a promising new technology that can quantitatively measure enamel lesion depth and extent

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9
Q

Quantitative Light Fluorescence

A

is a caries lesion detection method that shows promise for future use clinically

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10
Q

The CRT bacterial test kit dip slide

A

uses selective bacterial media to measure levels of lactobacilli and mutans streptococci

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11
Q

Pathological factors in the caries balance include

A

frequency of ingestion of fermentable carbohydrates + acidogenic bacteria

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12
Q

The mutans streptococci group inludes:

A

S. sobrinus + S. mutans

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13
Q

The caries balance concept describes the balance between

A

pathological and protective factors

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14
Q

Fermentable carbohydrates include

A

glucose, sucrose, fructose

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15
Q

Caries disease indicators include:

A

cavities, white spot lesions, interproximal lesions by radiograph

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16
Q

One of the ways that fluoride works as an anticaries substance is

A

by enhancing the remineralization process

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17
Q

Fluoride in drinking water at 1 ppm

A

works primarily through topical mechanisms to reduce dental decay

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18
Q

The recent ADA evidence-based recommendations on the use of fluoride products in the dental office:

A

stated that there is strong evidence for the use of fluoride-containing gels and varnish

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19
Q

The effect of fluoride in the drinking water reducing dental caries was first made known to the world by:

A

Trendley Dean’s observations in Colorado

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20
Q

Sodium Fluoride has the chemical formula

A

NaF

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21
Q

Fluoride varnish applied to infants was shown by Weintraub et al:

A

to be effective in markedly reducing dental decay

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22
Q

1.1 mg NaF

A

0.5 mg F

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23
Q

Fluoride varnish application

A

should be used 2-3x a year for high risk adults as well as children

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24
Q

A 5000 ppm F toothpaste was shown by Baysan et al to be effective for reducing:

A

root caries in adults

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25
Q

Calcium indicators in the caries imabalance include:

A

frank cavities, white spots in enamel

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26
Q

Brushing 2x a day with a fluoride containing tooth paste:

A

is a major way of reducing dental caries in all age groups

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27
Q

Over the counter fluoride mouthrinse at 0.05% NaF contains approx:

A

220 ppm F

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28
Q

Fluoride toothpastes with NaF as the active ingredient:

A

must use a compatible abrasive such as hydrated silsica

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29
Q

Multicomponent toothpastes:

A

must be very carefully formulated to ensure that the active ingredients are all available

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30
Q

Fluorosis is caused by:

A

excess fluoride ingestion during the transition stage of enamel development

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31
Q

Acute fluoride toxicity level is:

A

5 mg F/kg body weight

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32
Q

Fluorosis is observed clinically:

A

matching bilateral mottling or striations

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33
Q

Enamel pitting in severe fluororis occurs:

A

pre-eruptively

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34
Q

Porosity of enamel caused by fluorosis is related to:

A

delayed hydrolysis of amelogenin during the transition stage of tooth development

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35
Q

A 12 yo boy has no visible signs of decay in enamel, no new cavities in the last 3 years, good oral hygiene, and is most likely at:

A

low caries risk

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36
Q

Chlorhexidine gluconate is:

A

a broad acting antibacterial useful for controlling caries bacteria

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37
Q

The overall principle of caries management by risk assessment is:

A

to use the level of caries risk to guide the tx plan

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38
Q

A 52 yo male continues to have at least one frank new cavity every year

A

assess him as high risk for future carious lesions and do combined antibacterial and high level fluoride therapy

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39
Q

A male, 12 yo, has 10 non-cavitated enamel lesions by bitewing radiograph, and 1 into dentin:

A

You assess him at high risk, recommend twice daily fluoride toothpaste, fluoride varnish, chlorhexidine mouthrinse daily for one week each month and frequent recall

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40
Q

The rate of occurance of new dental caries in a population is the

A

incidence of the disease

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41
Q

A child with zero DMFT is considered to be

A

caries free

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42
Q

In regions where less than 20% of communities were fluoridated, children in non-fluoridated communities had similar caries experience to children in fluoridated communities.

A

FALSE.

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43
Q

From 1988-1994 to 1990-2002, what trend or trends were observed in the U.S.

A

Reduction in prevalence of caries in permanent teeth among persons aged 6 and over.

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44
Q

What were the trends between the two California oral health surveys in 1993-1994 and 2004-2005?

A

Almost 50% reduction in the prevalence of untreated caries in 3rd graders.

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45
Q

In California, the majority of

A

preschool children have no caries experience

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46
Q

Reasons given for dramatic reductions in caries experience in young adults and children over the past 3 decades are:

A

All, because – fluoride in water, fluoride in toothpaste, dental sealants, dental insurance

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47
Q

Some of the tactics used by anti-fluoridationists include:

A

All – discouraging elected officials from deciding; relying on complacency, arrogance and lack of political savvy of dental professionals; public debate against pro-fluoridationists; legal suits (health and safety, jurisdictional issues of authority to fluoridate)

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48
Q

Counter-arguments to the claims of anti-fluoridationists include:

A

Using information from authoritative pro-flouridation websites

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49
Q

There was a National Institutes of Health, Consensus Development Conference Statement, on the Diagnosis and Management of Dental Caries Throughout Life, in 2001. This Consensus Conference did not evaluate the evidence for effectiveness of water fluoridation. Why not? Was it because:

A

It was widely accepted as effect?

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50
Q

Root caries prevalence increases dramatically after about age 35 years because:

A

of gingival recession

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3
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51
Q

Root caries and fluoride – check the correct answer:

A

root caries responds to fluoride identically to coronal caries

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52
Q

An early root caries lesion:

A

cause root caries to progress very rapidly

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53
Q

Remineralization in root caries:

A

is enhanced by fluoride

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54
Q

The DiagnoDent laser fluorescence device detects:

A

absorbed porphyrins in the subsurface lesion region

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55
Q

Published studies show that the traditional explorer has the following percentage sensitivity forr detecting occlusal caries:

A

50%

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56
Q

Bitewing radiography:

A

readily detects carious lesions in proximal surfaces

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57
Q

The CariScreen ATP tester that we use in our clinics:

A

enables us to test bacterial levels chairside in the clinic

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58
Q

The new Light Induced Fluorescence Evaluation tester:

A

enhances our ability to correctly detect occlusal caries lesions visually

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59
Q

Pathological factors in the caries balance include:

A

frequent ingestion of fermentable carbohydrates and acid-producing bacteria

How well did you know this?
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2
3
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5
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60
Q

Bacteria associated with dental caries other than the mutans streptococci group include:

A

S. sobrinus and S. mitis

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61
Q

The caries balance concept describes the balance between:

A

pathological factors and protective factors

How well did you know this?
1
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2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

Fermentable carbohydrates include:

A

glucose, sucrose, fructose

63
Q

A cariogenic biofilm:

A

can be thought of as a city with criminals present that can be unleashed if there is
insufficient protection

64
Q

Salivary dysfunction:

A

is one of the three main pathological factors in the caries balance

65
Q

Caries disease indicators include:

A

cavities, enamel white spots

66
Q

The 2006 ADA evidence-based recommendations on the use of fluoride products in the dental office:

A

stated that there is strong evidence for the use of fluoride-containing gels and varnish in the dental office

67
Q

The effect of fluoride in the drinking water reducing dental caries was first made known to the world by:

A

Trendley Dean’s observations in Colorado

68
Q

Caries biological risk factors include:

A

high levels of acid producing bacteria, heavy plaque on the teeth

69
Q

Caries risk assessment:

A

should be used for patients of all age groups

70
Q

2.2 mg NaF

A

1.0 mg F

71
Q

Over the counter fluoride toothpaste in the US contains:

A

approximately 1000 ppm fluoride

72
Q

A 5000 ppm F toothpaste was shown in a clinical study to be effective for reducing:

A

caries in high risk adolescents

73
Q

Studies using fluoride tablets by Stephen et al in Scotland showed:

A

the caries reducing effect was primarily topical

74
Q

In the caries prevention world CPP stands for:

A

calcium phosphopeptide

75
Q

Xanthan gum, if present in a fluoride containing toothpaste:

A

is there as a binder and thickener to hold the paste together (will add to the fluoride effect against caries?)

76
Q

Over the counter fluoride mouthrinse at 0.05% NaF contains approximately:

A

220 ppm F

77
Q

Fluoride toothpastes with 5,000 ppm fluoride as the active ingredient:

A

must use a compatible abrasive such as hydrated silica

78
Q

Fluoride varnish:

A

is an ideal addition to the therapy for high caries risk individuals of any age

79
Q

Fluorosis of dental enamel:

A

is characterized by bilateral enamel defects such as “snow caps” on the incisors

80
Q

Acute fluoride toxicity level is:

A

5 mg F/kg body weight

81
Q

OCT stands for:

A

optical coherence tomography

82
Q

The reason to conduct a bacterial test for patients at the comprehensive oral exam is:

A

so that you have a baseline to compare with at recall to see whether the antibacterial
treatment is working

83
Q

If a patient presents with two open cavities:

A

the patient is automatically placed a high caries risk

84
Q

Drilling and filling all the cavities in a patients mouth:

A

eliminates the bacteria from the treated cavities but leaves essentially the same overall
loading of cariogenic bacteria in the rest of the mouth

85
Q

Chlorhexidine gluconate mouth rinse:

A

at 0.12% should be used once a day for one week each month to reduce the load of
cariogenic bacteria in high caries risk patients

86
Q

The overall principle of caries management by risk assessment is:

A

to use the level of caries risk as the basis for therapeutic intervention in conjunction with
appropriate restorative work

87
Q

A new patient who is a 25 year old male has 10 non-cavitated proximal lesions in enamel by bite wing radiograph, no other signs of caries, has heavy plaque on his teeth, finished orthodontic treatment 3 years ago, says he uses a fluoride toothpaste daily, has normal salivary flow, and has had no dental check up for 3 years.

A

assess him as high risk for future carious lesions and recommend antibacterial and home
use fluoride therapy, plus fluoride varnish treatment. Recall in 4-6 months.

88
Q

A female, 38 years of age, has one cavity, 2 non-cavitated enamel lesions by bitewing radiograph, poor oral hygiene, is taking two medications that can reduce salivary function, and has signs of dry mouth:

A

you assess her at extreme risk, recommend twice daily 5,000 ppm F fluoride toothpaste, fluoride varnish, chlorhexidine mouthrinse daily for one week each month, and frequent recall, plus baking soda rinse daily and a bacterial test. You schedule her for appropriate restorative work.

89
Q

The halo or diffusion effect of fluoridation in the US affects the measurable benefit between fluoridated and non-fluoridated communities. In regions where less than 20% of communities were fluoridated, children in non-fluoridated communities had similar caries experience to children in fluoridated communities.

A

FALSE

90
Q

Healthy People 2020

A

Is a series of objectives for a healthier nation, including oral health

91
Q

From 1988–1994 to 1999–2002, what trend or trends were observed in the U.S.:
a. Increase in the prevalence of untreated dental caries in primary teeth among children aged 2–11 years.

A

Reduction in prevalence of caries in permanent teeth among persons aged 6 and over.

92
Q

Claims of those opposed to fluoridation include:

A

All – dental health is improving without fluoridation; fluoridation is not effective in reducing dental disease; cynicism about governmental policies and officials; fluoridation is harmful to humans and the ecology

93
Q

Pro-fluoridation websites include:

A

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention + American Dental Association

94
Q

There was a National Institutes of Health, Consensus Development Conference Statement, on the Diagnosis and Management of Dental Caries Throughout Life, in 2001. This Consensus Conference did not evaluate the evidence for effectiveness of water fluoridation. Why not? Was it because:

A

It is widely accepted as effective.

95
Q

Reasons given for dramatic reductions in caries experience in young adults and children over the past 3 decades are:

A

All – fluoride in water; fluoride in toothpaste; dental sealants; dental insurance

96
Q

Disparities in oral health status between groups of people is associated with:

A

All – ethnicity or race; economic status; urban/rural residence; community water fluoridation status

97
Q

The rate of occurrence of new cases of dental caries in a population is the

A

incidence of the disease

98
Q

A child with zero dmft is considered to be:

A

caries-free

99
Q

Some of the tactics used by anti-fluoridationists include:

A

All – exploit ignorance about health, disease and science; relying on complacency, arrogance and lack of political savvy of dental professionals; public debate against a pro-fluoridationist; legal suits (health and safety, jurisdictional issues of authority to fluoridate)

100
Q

Some of the current societal concerns that anti-fluoridationists exploit have been:

A

All – personal rights; unfunded mandates; doubt over conflicting experts and studies; increasing environmental sensitivity

101
Q

There has been a steady increase in the numbers of Americans served by fluoridated water.

A

TRUE

102
Q

The most recent US survey in 1999-2004 has shown that mean DMFT scores for all age groups over 6 years of age have declined since the survey in 1988-94.

A

TRUE

103
Q

The majority of California children in 3rd grade have some decay experience.

A

TRUE

104
Q

In 2010 there was a change in the ADA recommendations for use of prescription fluoride supplements. Was it:

A

A reduction in overall fluoride dosages.

105
Q

Root caries prevalence increases dramatically after about age 35 years because:

A

of gingival recession

106
Q

Root caries occurs:

A

on any exposed root surface where conditions lead to demineralization

107
Q

An early root caries lesion:

A

can not be seen by the human eye

108
Q

An advanced root caries lesion always has:

A

a lesion body and a frontal zone

109
Q

Bacteria that cause root caries:

A

are common with those that cause enamel caries

110
Q

The DiagnoDent laser fluorescence device detects:

A

absorbed porphoryns in the subsurface lesion region

111
Q

OCT stands for:

A

optical coherence tomography

112
Q

Near infrared imaging:

A

is a promising new technology that can image enamel lesion in proximal surfaces in the
same way that bite wing radiographs do

113
Q

AP-PCR DNA testing:

A

enables us to track transmission of specific genotypes from one person to another

114
Q

The CariScreen bacterial tester measures:

A

ATP bioluminescence as a measure of bacterial activity

115
Q

Pathological factors in the caries balance include:

A

frequent ingestion of fermentable carbohydrates and inadequate saliva flow and function

116
Q

The mutans streptococci group includes:

A

S. sobrinus and S. mutans

117
Q

The caries balance concept describes the balance between:

A

pathological and protective factors

118
Q

Fermentable carbohydrates include:

A

glucose, sucrose, fructose

119
Q

Xylitol candies:

A

are useful as part of a caries control regimen

120
Q

One of the ways that fluoride in over the counter toothpastes works as an anticaries substance is:

A

by enhancing the remineralization process

121
Q

Fluoride in drinking water at 1 ppm:

A

enhances remineralization of early carious lesions

122
Q

The 2006 ADA evidence-based recommendations on the use of fluoride products in the dental office:

A

stated that there is strong evidence for the use of fluoride-containing gels and varnish in the dental office

123
Q

The effect of fluoride in the drinking water reducing dental caries was first made known to the world by:

A

Trendley Dean’s observations in Colorado

124
Q

Stannous Fluoride has the chemical formula:

A

SnF2

125
Q

Caries risk assessment:

A

should be used for patients of all age groups

126
Q

2.2 mg NaF

A

1.0 mg F

127
Q

Fluoride varnish application:

A

should be used 2-3 x a year for high risk adults as well as children

128
Q

A 5000 ppm F toothpaste was shown in clinical studies to be effective for reducing:

A

root caries in adults

129
Q

Calcium phosphopeptide (CPP):

A

provides additional calcium to enhance remineralization

130
Q

Disease (caries) indicators in the caries imbalance are:

A

clinical observations that indicate the presence of ongoing caries

131
Q

Carboxy methyl cellulose, if present in a fluoride containing toothpaste:

A

is there as a binder and thickener to hold the paste together

132
Q

Over the counter fluoride mouthrinse at 0.05% NaF contains approximately:

A

220 ppm F

133
Q

Fluoride toothpastes with stannous fluoride as the active ingredient:

A

must use a compatible abrasive such as hydrated silica

134
Q

Multicomponent toothpastes:

A

must be very carefully formulated to ensure that the active ingredients are all available

135
Q

Fluorosis of dental enamel:

A

is characterized by bilateral enamel defects such as “snow caps” on the incisors

136
Q

Acute fluoride toxicity level is:

A

5 mgF/kg body weight

137
Q

The CariScreen ATP tester is:

A

a chairside tool tt measures bacterial activity in the oral biofilm

138
Q

The reason to conduct a bacterial test for high caries risk patients is:

A

so that you have a baseline to compare with at recall to see whether the antibacterial
treatment is working

139
Q

If a patient presents with five open cavities:

A

you can be sure there are moderate to high levels of mutans streptococci and lactobacilli in
the entire mouth

140
Q

Drilling and filling all the cavities in a patients mouth:

A

eliminates the bacteria from the treated cavities but leaves essentially the same overall
loading of cariogenic bacteria in the rest of the mouth

141
Q

Chlorhexidine gluconate mouth rinse:

A

at 0.12% should be used once a day for one week each month to reduce the load of
cariogenic bacteria in high caries risk patients

142
Q

The overall principle of caries management by risk assessment is:

A

to use the level of caries risk as the basis for therapeutic intervention in conjunction with
appropriate restorative work

143
Q

A 52 year old male had a previous history of caries and restorations up until 6 years ago when he went onto 5000 ppm F toothpaste daily and chlorhexidine rine every month for a week. He has returned to regular fluoride toothpaste twice daily, has excellent oral hygiene, and has had no new signs of caries progression for 4 years.

A

assess him as low risk for future carious lesions and recall him in a year

144
Q

A female, 18 years of age, has 2 non-cavitated enamel lesions by bitewing radiograph, good oral hygiene, and no previous history of carious lesions or restorations:

A

you assess her at moderate risk and recommend an over the counter 0.05% sodium fluoride mouthrinse, twice daily regular fluoride toothpaste, and recall at 6 months

145
Q

Healthy People 2010

A

Is a series of objectives for a healthier nation, including oral health

146
Q

Disparities in oral health status between groups of people is associated with:

A

ethnicity or race; economic status; urban/rural residence; community water fluoridation status

147
Q

The halo or diffusion effect of fluoridation in the US affects the measurable benefit between fluoridated and non-fluoridated communities. In regions where less than 20% of communities were fluoridated, children in non-fluoridated communities had similar caries experience to children in fluoridated communities.

A

FALSE

148
Q

The greatest difference in caries experience between fluoridated and non-fluoridated communities has been found in regions where about 75% of communities were fluoridated.

A

FALSE

149
Q

From 1988–1994 to 1999–2002, what trend or trends were observed in the U.S.

A

Reduction in prevalence of caries in permanent teeth among persons aged 6 and over.

150
Q

In California the majority of

A

preschool children have no caries experience

151
Q

Some of the tactics used by anti-fluoridationists include:

A

All – discouraging elected officials from deciding; relying on complacency, arrogance and lack of political savvy of dental professionals; public debate against pro-fluoridationist
d. legal suits (health and safety, jurisdictional issues of authority to fluoridate)

152
Q

Claims of those opposed to fluoridation include:

A

All – dental health is improving without fluoridation; fluoridation is not effective in reducing dental disease; cynicism about governmental policies and officials; fluoridation is harmful to humans and the ecology

153
Q

Counter-arguments to the claims of anti-fluoridationists include:

A

Using information from authoritative pro-fluoridation websites

154
Q

Pro-fluoridation websites include:

A

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention + American Dental Association

MicroImmuno (13 decks)

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