Dent Sci 126: Cariology Flashcards
1
Q
Root caries prevalence increases dramatically after about age 35 years because:
A
of gingival recession
2
Q
Root caries occurs:
A
on any exposed root surface where conditions lead to demineralization
3
Q
An early root caries lesion:
A
can not be seen by the human eye
4
Q
An advanced root caries lesion always has:
A
a lesion body and a frontal zone
5
Q
Bacteria that cause root caries include:
A
S. mutans + lactobacillus species
6
Q
The traditional explorer has been reported to have what percent sensitivity in carious lesion detection
A
50%
7
Q
Bitewing radiographs of carious lesions in the occlusal surface:
A
grossly underestimates the extent of the lesion
8
Q
Optical coherence tomography (OCT):
A
is a promising new technology that can quantitatively measure enamel lesion depth and extent
9
Q
Quantitative Light Fluorescence
A
is a caries lesion detection method that shows promise for future use clinically
10
Q
The CRT bacterial test kit dip slide
A
uses selective bacterial media to measure levels of lactobacilli and mutans streptococci
11
Q
Pathological factors in the caries balance include
A
frequency of ingestion of fermentable carbohydrates + acidogenic bacteria
12
Q
The mutans streptococci group inludes:
A
S. sobrinus + S. mutans
13
Q
The caries balance concept describes the balance between
A
pathological and protective factors
14
Q
Fermentable carbohydrates include
A
glucose, sucrose, fructose
15
Q
Caries disease indicators include:
A
cavities, white spot lesions, interproximal lesions by radiograph
16
Q
One of the ways that fluoride works as an anticaries substance is
A
by enhancing the remineralization process
17
Q
Fluoride in drinking water at 1 ppm
A
works primarily through topical mechanisms to reduce dental decay
18
Q
The recent ADA evidence-based recommendations on the use of fluoride products in the dental office:
A
stated that there is strong evidence for the use of fluoride-containing gels and varnish
19
Q
The effect of fluoride in the drinking water reducing dental caries was first made known to the world by:
A
Trendley Dean’s observations in Colorado
20
Q
Sodium Fluoride has the chemical formula
A
NaF
21
Q
Fluoride varnish applied to infants was shown by Weintraub et al:
A
to be effective in markedly reducing dental decay
22
Q
1.1 mg NaF
A
0.5 mg F
23
Q
Fluoride varnish application
A
should be used 2-3x a year for high risk adults as well as children
24
Q
A 5000 ppm F toothpaste was shown by Baysan et al to be effective for reducing:
A
root caries in adults
25
Calcium indicators in the caries imabalance include:
frank cavities, white spots in enamel
26
Brushing 2x a day with a fluoride containing tooth paste:
is a major way of reducing dental caries in all age groups
27
Over the counter fluoride mouthrinse at 0.05% NaF contains approx:
220 ppm F
28
Fluoride toothpastes with NaF as the active ingredient:
must use a compatible abrasive such as hydrated silsica
29
Multicomponent toothpastes:
must be very carefully formulated to ensure that the active ingredients are all available
30
Fluorosis is caused by:
excess fluoride ingestion during the transition stage of enamel development
31
Acute fluoride toxicity level is:
5 mg F/kg body weight
32
Fluorosis is observed clinically:
matching bilateral mottling or striations
33
Enamel pitting in severe fluororis occurs:
pre-eruptively
34
Porosity of enamel caused by fluorosis is related to:
delayed hydrolysis of amelogenin during the transition stage of tooth development
35
A 12 yo boy has no visible signs of decay in enamel, no new cavities in the last 3 years, good oral hygiene, and is most likely at:
low caries risk
36
Chlorhexidine gluconate is:
a broad acting antibacterial useful for controlling caries bacteria
37
The overall principle of caries management by risk assessment is:
to use the level of caries risk to guide the tx plan
38
A 52 yo male continues to have at least one frank new cavity every year
assess him as high risk for future carious lesions and do combined antibacterial and high level fluoride therapy
39
A male, 12 yo, has 10 non-cavitated enamel lesions by bitewing radiograph, and 1 into dentin:
You assess him at high risk, recommend twice daily fluoride toothpaste, fluoride varnish, chlorhexidine mouthrinse daily for one week each month and frequent recall
40
The rate of occurance of new dental caries in a population is the
incidence of the disease
41
A child with zero DMFT is considered to be
caries free
42
In regions where less than 20% of communities were fluoridated, children in non-fluoridated communities had similar caries experience to children in fluoridated communities.
FALSE.
43
From 1988-1994 to 1990-2002, what trend or trends were observed in the U.S.
Reduction in prevalence of caries in permanent teeth among persons aged 6 and over.
44
What were the trends between the two California oral health surveys in 1993-1994 and 2004-2005?
Almost 50% reduction in the prevalence of untreated caries in 3rd graders.
45
In California, the majority of
preschool children have no caries experience
46
Reasons given for dramatic reductions in caries experience in young adults and children over the past 3 decades are:
All, because -- fluoride in water, fluoride in toothpaste, dental sealants, dental insurance
47
Some of the tactics used by anti-fluoridationists include:
All -- discouraging elected officials from deciding; relying on complacency, arrogance and lack of political savvy of dental professionals; public debate against pro-fluoridationists; legal suits (health and safety, jurisdictional issues of authority to fluoridate)
48
Counter-arguments to the claims of anti-fluoridationists include:
Using information from authoritative pro-flouridation websites
49
There was a National Institutes of Health, Consensus Development Conference Statement, on the Diagnosis and Management of Dental Caries Throughout Life, in 2001. This Consensus Conference did not evaluate the evidence for effectiveness of water fluoridation. Why not? Was it because:
It was widely accepted as effect?
50
Root caries prevalence increases dramatically after about age 35 years because:
of gingival recession
51
Root caries and fluoride – check the correct answer:
root caries responds to fluoride identically to coronal caries
52
An early root caries lesion:
cause root caries to progress very rapidly
53
Remineralization in root caries:
is enhanced by fluoride
54
The DiagnoDent laser fluorescence device detects:
absorbed porphyrins in the subsurface lesion region
55
Published studies show that the traditional explorer has the following percentage sensitivity forr detecting occlusal caries:
50%
56
Bitewing radiography:
readily detects carious lesions in proximal surfaces
57
The CariScreen ATP tester that we use in our clinics:
enables us to test bacterial levels chairside in the clinic
58
The new Light Induced Fluorescence Evaluation tester:
enhances our ability to correctly detect occlusal caries lesions visually
59
Pathological factors in the caries balance include:
frequent ingestion of fermentable carbohydrates and acid-producing bacteria
60
Bacteria associated with dental caries other than the mutans streptococci group include:
S. sobrinus and S. mitis
61
The caries balance concept describes the balance between:
pathological factors and protective factors
62
Fermentable carbohydrates include:
glucose, sucrose, fructose
63
A cariogenic biofilm:
can be thought of as a city with criminals present that can be unleashed if there is
insufficient protection
64
Salivary dysfunction:
is one of the three main pathological factors in the caries balance
65
Caries disease indicators include:
cavities, enamel white spots
66
The 2006 ADA evidence-based recommendations on the use of fluoride products in the dental office:
stated that there is strong evidence for the use of fluoride-containing gels and varnish in the dental office
67
The effect of fluoride in the drinking water reducing dental caries was first made known to the world by:
Trendley Dean’s observations in Colorado
68
Caries biological risk factors include:
high levels of acid producing bacteria, heavy plaque on the teeth
69
Caries risk assessment:
should be used for patients of all age groups
70
2.2 mg NaF
1.0 mg F
71
Over the counter fluoride toothpaste in the US contains:
approximately 1000 ppm fluoride
72
A 5000 ppm F toothpaste was shown in a clinical study to be effective for reducing:
caries in high risk adolescents
73
Studies using fluoride tablets by Stephen et al in Scotland showed:
the caries reducing effect was primarily topical
74
In the caries prevention world CPP stands for:
calcium phosphopeptide
75
Xanthan gum, if present in a fluoride containing toothpaste:
is there as a binder and thickener to hold the paste together (will add to the fluoride effect against caries?)
76
Over the counter fluoride mouthrinse at 0.05% NaF contains approximately:
220 ppm F
77
Fluoride toothpastes with 5,000 ppm fluoride as the active ingredient:
must use a compatible abrasive such as hydrated silica
78
Fluoride varnish:
is an ideal addition to the therapy for high caries risk individuals of any age
79
Fluorosis of dental enamel:
is characterized by bilateral enamel defects such as “snow caps” on the incisors
80
Acute fluoride toxicity level is:
5 mg F/kg body weight
81
OCT stands for:
optical coherence tomography
82
The reason to conduct a bacterial test for patients at the comprehensive oral exam is:
so that you have a baseline to compare with at recall to see whether the antibacterial
treatment is working
83
If a patient presents with two open cavities:
the patient is automatically placed a high caries risk
84
Drilling and filling all the cavities in a patients mouth:
eliminates the bacteria from the treated cavities but leaves essentially the same overall
loading of cariogenic bacteria in the rest of the mouth
85
Chlorhexidine gluconate mouth rinse:
at 0.12% should be used once a day for one week each month to reduce the load of
cariogenic bacteria in high caries risk patients
86
The overall principle of caries management by risk assessment is:
to use the level of caries risk as the basis for therapeutic intervention in conjunction with
appropriate restorative work
87
A new patient who is a 25 year old male has 10 non-cavitated proximal lesions in enamel by bite wing radiograph, no other signs of caries, has heavy plaque on his teeth, finished orthodontic treatment 3 years ago, says he uses a fluoride toothpaste daily, has normal salivary flow, and has had no dental check up for 3 years.
assess him as high risk for future carious lesions and recommend antibacterial and home
use fluoride therapy, plus fluoride varnish treatment. Recall in 4-6 months.
88
A female, 38 years of age, has one cavity, 2 non-cavitated enamel lesions by bitewing radiograph, poor oral hygiene, is taking two medications that can reduce salivary function, and has signs of dry mouth:
you assess her at extreme risk, recommend twice daily 5,000 ppm F fluoride toothpaste, fluoride varnish, chlorhexidine mouthrinse daily for one week each month, and frequent recall, plus baking soda rinse daily and a bacterial test. You schedule her for appropriate restorative work.
89
The halo or diffusion effect of fluoridation in the US affects the measurable benefit between fluoridated and non-fluoridated communities. In regions where less than 20% of communities were fluoridated, children in non-fluoridated communities had similar caries experience to children in fluoridated communities.
FALSE
90
Healthy People 2020
Is a series of objectives for a healthier nation, including oral health
91
From 1988–1994 to 1999–2002, what trend or trends were observed in the U.S.:
a. Increase in the prevalence of untreated dental caries in primary teeth among children aged 2–11 years.
Reduction in prevalence of caries in permanent teeth among persons aged 6 and over.
92
Claims of those opposed to fluoridation include:
All -- dental health is improving without fluoridation; fluoridation is not effective in reducing dental disease; cynicism about governmental policies and officials; fluoridation is harmful to humans and the ecology
93
Pro-fluoridation websites include:
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention + American Dental Association
94
There was a National Institutes of Health, Consensus Development Conference Statement, on the Diagnosis and Management of Dental Caries Throughout Life, in 2001. This Consensus Conference did not evaluate the evidence for effectiveness of water fluoridation. Why not? Was it because:
It is widely accepted as effective.
95
Reasons given for dramatic reductions in caries experience in young adults and children over the past 3 decades are:
All -- fluoride in water; fluoride in toothpaste; dental sealants; dental insurance
96
Disparities in oral health status between groups of people is associated with:
All -- ethnicity or race; economic status; urban/rural residence; community water fluoridation status
97
The rate of occurrence of new cases of dental caries in a population is the
incidence of the disease
98
A child with zero dmft is considered to be:
caries-free
99
Some of the tactics used by anti-fluoridationists include:
All -- exploit ignorance about health, disease and science; relying on complacency, arrogance and lack of political savvy of dental professionals; public debate against a pro-fluoridationist; legal suits (health and safety, jurisdictional issues of authority to fluoridate)
100
Some of the current societal concerns that anti-fluoridationists exploit have been:
All -- personal rights; unfunded mandates; doubt over conflicting experts and studies; increasing environmental sensitivity
101
There has been a steady increase in the numbers of Americans served by fluoridated water.
TRUE
102
The most recent US survey in 1999-2004 has shown that mean DMFT scores for all age groups over 6 years of age have declined since the survey in 1988-94.
TRUE
103
The majority of California children in 3rd grade have some decay experience.
TRUE
104
In 2010 there was a change in the ADA recommendations for use of prescription fluoride supplements. Was it:
A reduction in overall fluoride dosages.
105
Root caries prevalence increases dramatically after about age 35 years because:
of gingival recession
106
Root caries occurs:
on any exposed root surface where conditions lead to demineralization
107
An early root caries lesion:
can not be seen by the human eye
108
An advanced root caries lesion always has:
a lesion body and a frontal zone
109
Bacteria that cause root caries:
are common with those that cause enamel caries
110
The DiagnoDent laser fluorescence device detects:
absorbed porphoryns in the subsurface lesion region
111
OCT stands for:
optical coherence tomography
112
Near infrared imaging:
is a promising new technology that can image enamel lesion in proximal surfaces in the
same way that bite wing radiographs do
113
AP-PCR DNA testing:
enables us to track transmission of specific genotypes from one person to another
114
The CariScreen bacterial tester measures:
ATP bioluminescence as a measure of bacterial activity
115
Pathological factors in the caries balance include:
frequent ingestion of fermentable carbohydrates and inadequate saliva flow and function
116
The mutans streptococci group includes:
S. sobrinus and S. mutans
117
The caries balance concept describes the balance between:
pathological and protective factors
118
Fermentable carbohydrates include:
glucose, sucrose, fructose
119
Xylitol candies:
are useful as part of a caries control regimen
120
One of the ways that fluoride in over the counter toothpastes works as an anticaries substance is:
by enhancing the remineralization process
121
Fluoride in drinking water at 1 ppm:
enhances remineralization of early carious lesions
122
The 2006 ADA evidence-based recommendations on the use of fluoride products in the dental office:
stated that there is strong evidence for the use of fluoride-containing gels and varnish in the dental office
123
The effect of fluoride in the drinking water reducing dental caries was first made known to the world by:
Trendley Dean’s observations in Colorado
124
Stannous Fluoride has the chemical formula:
SnF2
125
Caries risk assessment:
should be used for patients of all age groups
126
2.2 mg NaF
1.0 mg F
127
Fluoride varnish application:
should be used 2-3 x a year for high risk adults as well as children
128
A 5000 ppm F toothpaste was shown in clinical studies to be effective for reducing:
root caries in adults
129
Calcium phosphopeptide (CPP):
provides additional calcium to enhance remineralization
130
Disease (caries) indicators in the caries imbalance are:
clinical observations that indicate the presence of ongoing caries
131
Carboxy methyl cellulose, if present in a fluoride containing toothpaste:
is there as a binder and thickener to hold the paste together
132
Over the counter fluoride mouthrinse at 0.05% NaF contains approximately:
220 ppm F
133
Fluoride toothpastes with stannous fluoride as the active ingredient:
must use a compatible abrasive such as hydrated silica
134
Multicomponent toothpastes:
must be very carefully formulated to ensure that the active ingredients are all available
135
Fluorosis of dental enamel:
is characterized by bilateral enamel defects such as “snow caps” on the incisors
136
Acute fluoride toxicity level is:
5 mgF/kg body weight
137
The CariScreen ATP tester is:
a chairside tool tt measures bacterial activity in the oral biofilm
138
The reason to conduct a bacterial test for high caries risk patients is:
so that you have a baseline to compare with at recall to see whether the antibacterial
treatment is working
139
If a patient presents with five open cavities:
you can be sure there are moderate to high levels of mutans streptococci and lactobacilli in
the entire mouth
140
Drilling and filling all the cavities in a patients mouth:
eliminates the bacteria from the treated cavities but leaves essentially the same overall
loading of cariogenic bacteria in the rest of the mouth
141
Chlorhexidine gluconate mouth rinse:
at 0.12% should be used once a day for one week each month to reduce the load of
cariogenic bacteria in high caries risk patients
142
The overall principle of caries management by risk assessment is:
to use the level of caries risk as the basis for therapeutic intervention in conjunction with
appropriate restorative work
143
A 52 year old male had a previous history of caries and restorations up until 6 years ago when he went onto 5000 ppm F toothpaste daily and chlorhexidine rine every month for a week. He has returned to regular fluoride toothpaste twice daily, has excellent oral hygiene, and has had no new signs of caries progression for 4 years.
assess him as low risk for future carious lesions and recall him in a year
144
A female, 18 years of age, has 2 non-cavitated enamel lesions by bitewing radiograph, good oral hygiene, and no previous history of carious lesions or restorations:
you assess her at moderate risk and recommend an over the counter 0.05% sodium fluoride mouthrinse, twice daily regular fluoride toothpaste, and recall at 6 months
145
Healthy People 2010
Is a series of objectives for a healthier nation, including oral health
146
Disparities in oral health status between groups of people is associated with:
ethnicity or race; economic status; urban/rural residence; community water fluoridation status
147
The halo or diffusion effect of fluoridation in the US affects the measurable benefit between fluoridated and non-fluoridated communities. In regions where less than 20% of communities were fluoridated, children in non-fluoridated communities had similar caries experience to children in fluoridated communities.
FALSE
148
The greatest difference in caries experience between fluoridated and non-fluoridated communities has been found in regions where about 75% of communities were fluoridated.
FALSE
149
From 1988–1994 to 1999–2002, what trend or trends were observed in the U.S.
Reduction in prevalence of caries in permanent teeth among persons aged 6 and over.
150
In California the majority of
preschool children have no caries experience
151
Some of the tactics used by anti-fluoridationists include:
All -- discouraging elected officials from deciding; relying on complacency, arrogance and lack of political savvy of dental professionals; public debate against pro-fluoridationist
d. legal suits (health and safety, jurisdictional issues of authority to fluoridate)
152
Claims of those opposed to fluoridation include:
All -- dental health is improving without fluoridation; fluoridation is not effective in reducing dental disease; cynicism about governmental policies and officials; fluoridation is harmful to humans and the ecology
153
Counter-arguments to the claims of anti-fluoridationists include:
Using information from authoritative pro-fluoridation websites
154
Pro-fluoridation websites include:
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention + American Dental Association
