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MicroImmuno > Antibody Structure + F(x) > Flashcards

Antibody Structure + F(x) Flashcards

1
Q

What secretes antibodies? What do antibodies recognize?

A

B-lymphocytes; Antigens

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2
Q

What is the basic function of antibodies?

A

To tag particles for destruction or protection against reinfection.

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3
Q

Where is the antigen binding site of Ab’s?

A

In the N-terminus (located in the variable region Fab)

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4
Q

Where does the effector/phagocytic cell bind to?

A

Fc – in the constant region

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5
Q

Is the light chain located “outside” or “inside” of the heavy chain?

A

Outside (and is not as long as the heavy chain).

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6
Q

What holds the light and heavy chains together, as well as the hinge? What type of chemical bond is it?

A

Disulfide bond; covalent bond.

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7
Q

Name the 5 different antibody classes.

A

IgG, IgM, IgA, IgD, IgE

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8
Q

What is another word for an Ab class?

A

Isotype

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9
Q

Which is the first Ab produced in the immune response?

A

IgM

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10
Q

How many arms does IgM have? How many binding sites?

A

5 arms. 10 binding sites.

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11
Q

IgM is an antigen receptor of what?

A

Of naïve B cells.

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12
Q

Which Ab is used primarily as an antigen receptor on naïve B cells? It is highly secreted T/F?

A

IgD False, it does not circulate in the blood stream.

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13
Q

Which Ab is the major Ab of serum and extravascular tissues (blood)?

A

IgG

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14
Q

Which Ab can cross the placenta & provide protection to the uterus?

A

IgG

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15
Q

Which is the major Ab of secretions (mucus, saliva, milk…)?

A

IgA

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16
Q

Which Ab is important for immune defense against helminthes (worms) and causes allergic reactions (hypersensitivity)?

A

IgE

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17
Q

What does IgE cause the release of?

A

Granules full of histamines

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18
Q

IgG, major Ab for?

A

Serum + extravascular tissues (blood). Also, can cross the placenta + provide protection to the uterus.

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19
Q

What 2 events make it possible for the immune system to synthesize Ab’s against Antigens not encountered before?

A

Gene rearrangement. Clonal selection of B cells producing Ab specific for Ag.

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20
Q

What is VDJ recombination? Which combination occurs first?

A

Random encoding of 3 segments of heavy chain domains V, D & J. D and J initially join, then DJ complex and V. D-J –> D-J-V

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21
Q

Describe the diversity of Ab’s.

A

With VDJ combo’s creating over 10K different heavy chains X light chains and junctional diversity, there ~ 3x10^7 possibilities.

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22
Q

Can a B-cell make Ab’s for more than one Ag-binding specificity?

A

No

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23
Q

Where does recirculation of B-cells occur?

A

In the periphery, between blood, lymphoid organs and lymph.

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24
Q

Define Clonal Selection.

A

Selection with subsequent expansion of clones (occurs as a result of antigenic stimulation only of those lymphocytes bearing the appropriate receptors.)

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25
Q

Antibodies are secreted by what?

A

B-lymphocytes

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26
Q

Approximately how many different antibodies are their? What does this allow?

A

>10^9, which allows for the ability to distinguish between very similar molecules.

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27
Q

What types of molecules can antibodies recognize?

A

Proteins, polysaccharides, and lipids.

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28
Q

What are 2 major functions of antibodies?

A

Tag particles for clearance/destruction + to protect against re-infection

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29
Q

What are the two chains found in antibodies (specifically an IgG)?

A

Light chains + heavy chains

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30
Q

What are the two types of domains found in antibodies?

A

Variable domains + constant domains.

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31
Q

What are the two fragments in antibodies and what do they stand for?

A

Fab – Fragment antigen binding Fc – Fragment crystallizable (constant) binds to receptors on phagocytes

32
Q

What term refers to IgG’s ability to bind antigen?

A

Bivalent (two binding sites)

33
Q

What type of bonds hold the two heavy chains of an IgG together?

A

Covalent bonds.

34
Q

Where is the variability of antibodies found in their structure?

A

In the loops in the variable domains of the heavy and light chains. (These regions are responsible for binding to antigen.)

35
Q

How many amino acids make up a single domain?

A

110 amino acids

36
Q

Which of the immunoglobulins is the most prevalent in blood?

A

IgG

37
Q

Which of the immunoglobulins is the major secreted Ig?

A

IgA

38
Q

What does IgM form with other IgM molecules?

A

IgM pentamers

39
Q

What does IgA form with other IgA molecules?

A

IgA dimmers

40
Q

1?

A

Antigen Binding Site

41
Q

2?

A

Fab - Fragment Antigen Binding

42
Q

3?

A

Fc - Fragment Crystallizable

43
Q

4?

A

Flexible Region

44
Q

5?

A

VH - Variable Doman of Heavy Chain

45
Q

6?

A

CH1 - 1st Constant Domain of Heavy Chain

46
Q

7?

A

VL - Variable Domain of Light Chain

47
Q

8?

A

CL - Constant Domain of Light Chain

48
Q

9?

A

CH2 - 2nd Constant Domain of Heavy Chain

49
Q

10?

A

CH3 - 3rd Constant Domain of Heavy Chain

50
Q

Describe IgM (μ)

A

First antibody produced in immune response. Antigen receptor (B-cell receptor, BCR) of naïve B-cells.

51
Q

Describe IgD (δ)

A

Used primarily as antigen receptor on naïve B-cells, little secreted.

52
Q

Describe IgG (γ)

A

Major antibody of serum and extravascular tissues. Crosses placenta to provide protection in utero.

53
Q

Describe IgA (α)

A

Major antibody of secretions (mucous, saliva, milk, etc.)

54
Q

Describe IgE (ε)

A

Important for immune defense against helminthes; allergy and asthma.

55
Q

What does plasticity refer to in terms of the immune system?

A

It has the ability to synthesize antibodies to antigens that have not been encountered before.

56
Q

How is it possible that the immune system can undergo plasticity? (The ability to synthesize antibodies to antigens that have not been encountered before.)

A

By…

  1. Random generation of a very diverse array of antibodies by gene rearrangement.
  2. Clonal selection of B-cells producing antibody for the specific antigen.
57
Q

In plasticity, what is this gene rearrangement more specifically called?

A

V(D)J recombination

58
Q

What is lymphocyte development designed to do?

A

To generate functional lymphocytes with useful antigen receptors that are not self-reactive.

59
Q

Describe antigen recognition and clonal selection of lymphocytes.

A

Antigen binding to lymphocyte antigen receptors may induce proliferation of antigen-specific lymphocytes (clonal expansion; requires other signals as well.) In this process the antigen selects from a pre-existing pool of cells only those with appropriate surface Ig specificity and causes their clonal expansion.

60
Q

How can Helper T-cells help in the process of antigen recognition and clonal selection of lymphocytes?

A

The process can occur, causing limited cell division and differentiation. However, Helper T-cells can send signals to the B-cell causing stronger cell division (clonal expansion) and cause the transformation of the B-cell into a plasma cell.

61
Q

What does the induction of a T-cell dependent antibody response require that the antigen contains?

A

A protein component.

62
Q

Do most pathogens contain T-independent antigens or T-dependent antigens?

A

Both.

63
Q

What type of peptide does the B-cell present to the T-cell when enlisting its help?

A

Class II MHC peptide complex.

64
Q

What is this type of T-cell also known as besides helper T-cell?

A

CD4+ T-cell.

65
Q

How does a B cell respond to antigen(as opposed to a plasma cell)?

A

A B-cell uses membrane Ig (BCR) to respond to antigen and undergo clonal expansion.

66
Q

How does a plasma cell respond to antigen (as opposed to a B-cell)?

A

A plasma cell makes the same antibody in a secreted form, releasing 10,000 antibody molecules per second.

67
Q

Describe affinity maturation.

A

Somatic mutations are induced within the V-regions of antibody genes. By chance some B-cells mutate their antibodies to a form that binds the antigen with higher affinity. These cells are selected.

68
Q

Where does affinity maturation occur?

A

In germinal centers within secondary lymphoid organs.

69
Q

What do the high affinity B cells that are selected give rise to?

A

Antibody secreting plasma cells and long-lived memory B-cells.

70
Q

Why does it make sense that the mutations in affinity maturation would occur in the variable domains?

A

Because it is in these domains that antigen binding occurs.

71
Q

What organelle would a plasma cell have an abundance of?

A

RER

72
Q

What does the 1st encounter of a B-cell with an antigen lead to?

A

Secretion of antigen specific IgM (primary response)

73
Q

What does the 2nd encounter of a B-cell with an antigen lead to?

A

A more rapid, larger, and longer lasting response dominated by IgG (secondary response).

74
Q

What is the improved secondary or ‘memory’ respons the result of?

A

Changes that persist after the 1st encounter with Ag. Some of the B-cells that respond in the primary response do not change into plasma cells but become long-lived ‘memory’ B-cells, thus increasing the frequency of B-cells specific for the antigen. Having a higher frequency of Ag-specific B-cells at the beginning of the secondary response causes the response to be larger, more rapid, and last longer.

75
Q

What are hybridomas?

A

A fusion of an activated B-cell with a transformed plasma cell to produce a hybrid cell that produces lots of antibodies.

MicroImmuno (13 decks)

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