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Dendrology > Dendro terms > Flashcards

Dendro terms Flashcards

1
Q

Terminal moraine

A

Edge of a glacial range- Gravel, soil

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2
Q

Outwash plains

A

Water and area beyond moraine. Sandy, dry jack pines

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3
Q

Kettles or pothole lakes

A

Big chunk of ice broke off during retreat and made a hole. Wetlands with no inlet or outlet

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4
Q

Drumlins

A

Teardrop shaped hills oriented in retreat direction

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5
Q

Glacial erratic

A

Rocks dropped that don’t belong

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6
Q

Esker

A

Narrow hill created by streams and rivers under glacier. Thin, snakes, gravel hills. Oaks and Sugar Maples

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7
Q

Kames

A

Irregular hill. Soil, till, gravel that accumulated in depression on retreating glacier

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8
Q

Till

A

Unsorted glacial sediment from erosion

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9
Q

Glacial grooves

A

Cut into bedrock by gravel/rocks carried by glacial melt and water

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10
Q

Roche moutonnee

A

Passage of ice over bedrock, creates asymmetric erosion. Stoss side is gently slopped. Lee side is steep drop.

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11
Q

Peat

A

Thick organic matter, doesn’t decompose, Acidic, stores carbon

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12
Q

Peat wetland

A

Carbon sink

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13
Q

Bog

A

Acidic, cool climate, slow decomposition, no inlet or outlet. Less oxygen doesn’t allow decomposition with stagnant water

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14
Q

Marsh

A

Open grassy, sedges, etc. Less woody vegetation and open

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15
Q

Swamp

A

Woody vegetation, trees, which creates shade and canopy

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16
Q

Bog acidic

A

Wetlands due to stagnant H2O Sphagnum moss and other moss common

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17
Q

Fen

A

Over calcareous (limestone) glacial deposits. More basic from limestone

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18
Q

Vernal pool

A

seasonal depressional wetlands. Spring snow melt and rain. Amphibians breed ground and bears

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19
Q

Coastal wetlands

A

tidal marsh, slightly brackish to saline

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20
Q

Mangrove swamp

A

Trees adapted to brackish/saline water. Bird and other animal habitat

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21
Q

Primary succession

A

Happens when a site has rebuild soil layers, such as after a retreating glacier, volcano, exposed sand bars along rivers, or following very extreme fires that burn to bare rock. (Less common)

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22
Q

Secondary succesion

A

(more common) Happens when tree canopy is removed but soil stays intact. Wind disturbance, most moderate fires, hurricanes, or after clearcut harvests.

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23
Q

Stand initiation

A

Young intolerant pioneer species fill in open area. Reset intentionally by harvest or to get moose/deer

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24
Q

Stem exclusion

A

Established pioneers create closed canopy leaving no sunlight or nutrients for any new regen (a few decades)

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25
Q

Understory reinitiation

A

Pioneer trees start to die off, opening up sunlight and soil nutrients for new regen, often with some shade tolerant species. (70-100 years)

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26
Q

Old growth

A

Tends to be dominated by tolerant species that now regen by filling in small gaps as trees die or blow over

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27
Q

Dendrochronology

A

Study of changes in growth rings in living and old wood to investigate past environments

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28
Q

Wetland only plants

A

Obligate wetland plants

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29
Q

Often wetlands but can grow upland

A

Facultative wetland plants

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30
Q

Eutrophication

A

Buildup of organic matter over hundreds and thousands of years that can fill in lake and wetlands

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31
Q

Very Intolerant

A

Black spruce, black willow, eastern cottonwood, jack pine, quaking aspen, tamarack

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32
Q

Intolerant

A

Black cherry, black walnut, paper birch, red maple, red pine, silver maple

33
Q

Intermediate shade tolerance

A

Balsam poplar, bitternut hickory, black ash, bur oak, green ash, hackberry, red maple, red oak, shagbark hickory, white ash, white oak, white pine, yellow birch

34
Q

Tolerant

A

Balsam fir, basswood, bigtooth aspen, black ash, green ash, hackberry, northern white cedar, white ash, white spruce

35
Q

Very tolerant

A

Beech, eastern hemlock, sugar maple

36
Q

Fire frequency

A

Very freq surf and crown : Jack pine. Aspen
Very freq surf and rare crown: Bur oak savanna
Infrequent surf and freq crown: Boreal. Jack pine/black spruce (BWCA)
Infreq surf and infreq crown: Boreal. Black spruce peatland
Very rare crown and infreq surf: Sugar maple/basswood. Sugar maple/hemlock

37
Q

Silvics

A

Growth requirements for a species (tree). Seed germination, condition, tolerance level, growth rate

38
Q

Red pines

A

Deep roots, fire resistant bark. Shade intolerant. low genetic diversity. Between xeric and mesic

39
Q

White pine

A

Moderately most soil. Shallower roots. Intermediate tolerance, fire resistant bark.

40
Q

Jack pine

A

Well drained, xeric sites. Shade intolerant. High genetic diversity. Serotinous cones. Extensive even age stand indicates fire

41
Q

Balsam fir

A

Very shade tolerant. Wide range of sites. Ladder fuel. Spruce budworm. Important cover species for wildlife. Cones sticks up and scales fall off individually

42
Q

White spruce

A

Drier sites, faster growth. Shade intolerant. Boreal tree. Release beneficial in plantation. Start under canopy cut other trees away. NO hairs

43
Q

Black spruce

A

Boreal common upland tree in North. Peatland in south. Shade intolerant. Cones semi-serotinous. Twigs have hairs. Pulpwood in Canada. Layering from snow loads, veg reproduction. Acidic, stagnant bogs.

44
Q

Fragmentation

A

Single branch in contact with dirt can grow new tree. (willow, balsam fir, dogwood, BAM?)

45
Q

Layering

A

Snow load causes low branches to root and grow saplings

46
Q

Tamarack

A

Needles 2x photosynthetic rate of other evergreens. Shade intolerant. Self pruning. Decay resistant. Soft, short needles. Eastern larch beetle. Between Acidic bogs and basic wetlands

47
Q

Northern White Cedar

A

slightly acidic or alkaline(Basic) soil. Moving water. Shade tolerant. Can germinate on undisturbed ground or old logs. Susceptible to fire. Long lived. Deer browse and habitat.

48
Q

Common juniper

A

Whorled needles in 3. very drought tolerant with wide distribution.

49
Q

Microcliamtes from glacier push

A

Arctic or alpine disjunct

50
Q

Zonation

A

Where plant live

51
Q

Ecosystem service

A

Something nature does for us that is difficult to recreate
Ex. pollination, habitat, veg for animals, filter toxin, erosion and flood control

52
Q

American Elm

A

Can be upland but usually wet area, river valley. Bud off at an angle, pseudo terminal bud

53
Q

Jewel weed (Touch me not)

A

Soft waxy toothed egg shape.

54
Q

Northern beech fern

A

Wet depression

55
Q

Sensitive fern

A

Wetter areas, not fine toothed

56
Q

Tree carbohydrate allocation

A

1 Maintenance respiration (Staying alive)
2 Foliage and fine root production
3 primary growth (Growth in terminals, root extension)
4 Secondary growth (Cambium/DBH growth)
Occur at any time: Reproduction and defense against insects and disease

57
Q

Monoecious

A

Male and female on same plant (more common)

58
Q

Dioecious

A

One male tree and one female tree (ash, less common)

59
Q

Hermaphrodite

A

Flower is both sexes

60
Q

Leaf drop and use

A

Photosynthesis
Photo period/temperature triggers (Shorter light in fall)
Translocation of nutrients (from leaf to other parts of the tree)
Abscission layer develops (Layer of cell dies between petiole and stem)
Dormancy

61
Q

Winter Burn

A

Warm fall or spring, ground frozen but still trying to photosynthesize without water.

62
Q

Phloem

A

Inner bark. Moves sugars from leaves

63
Q

Xylem

A

Sapwood. Moves water and minerals from roots

64
Q

Cambium

A

Growing layer of cells, allows tree to grow out.

65
Q

Nature’s antifreeze

A

Super cooling

66
Q

Confier characteristics

A

Acidic needles. Slow to decompose and flammable. Retain moisture in needles. Conifers do well in dry seasons. Have ability to withstand or respond to fire. Photosynthesize better at cooler temps than deciduous. Gymnosperm. Cones.

67
Q

Angiosperm

A

Seeds produced in ovaries that develop into fruit. Wide variety of dispersal methods. Flowers and seeds. Everything else

68
Q

Vegetative reproduction

A

Reproduction from existing tissue instead of seed.
Identical clones

69
Q

Insect rule of 10

A

Only 1 of 10 escape, only 1 of that 10 survive, only 1 of that 10 becomes invasive pest.

70
Q

Biological Control and consideration

A

Action of predator, parasite and pathogens in maintaining other organism
Behavior, exposure (active time of each organism)
Handling time (How much can it eat or kill?)
Hunger
Host synchrony (Is plant active and vulnerable when bio cont is?)
Number/reproduction and winter survival

71
Q

Cycle of insect

A

Egg - Larva - Pupa - Butterfly repeat. Exoskeleton doesn’t grow with larva

72
Q

Spongy Moth (Gypsy Moth)

A

Defoliator, imported for silk production in 1869. Hairy larva 2 color spots: Red/orange and blue. Eggs in masses overwinter. Larvae crawl to top of tree and use silk and wind to move. Male strong flyer, female flightless. Will go after oak, maple and white pine.
Fungus bio cont., Bacteria spray, mating disruption with pheremones, traps

73
Q

Hydric

A

Wet/wetlands

74
Q

Biological indicator

A

Plant that only grows in specific locations. Ex. Blueberry-xeric, sandy

75
Q

Emerald Ash Borer

A

China, came in packing material (pallets, packing etc.). Feeds on phloem of Fraxinus. Ash swamps trying to be repopulated with other tree species before EAB take over. Natural EAB spread 1-2 miles. Purple, sticky traps for monitoring.
Parasitic wasp, egg parasite and larval parasite

76
Q

Forest Tent Caterpillar

A

NATIVE moth. Larva defoliate. Prefers Q. Aspen, birch, oaks (NE US Sugar Maple and Aspen). Black caterpillar with white keyhole mark on back. Stay in big groups. Egg mass in upper canopy. Outbreaks in cycles every 6-16 years. Most hardwoods reflush, with rare mortality. Larval mortality due to cold winters, harsh weather after spring hatch. Instar (large larva) occasionally don’t have food because of defoliation by smaller larva. Sarcophogid fly.

77
Q

Disease triangle

A

Pathogen, Favorable environment, Host

78
Q

Disease

A

Alteration of the function or form of a plant from normal.

79
Q

Dutch Elm Disease

A

Exotic fungus. 1930 Europe or Asia. Elm bark beetle (Native and European). Root graphing, share nutrients and disease, vascular systems connected. Combated by trenching to break up root graphs.

Dendrology (3 decks)

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