demography review questions Flashcards

1
Q

what is demography?

A

demography is the study of statistics such as births, deaths, income, or the incidence of disease which illustrate the changing structures of human populations
-the composition of a particular human population

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2
Q

what are the latest ONS stats on UK population trends/ predictions?

A
  • UK population could reach 70 million by 2026
  • reach 74 million by 2036
    between 2021 and 2036:
    -10.8 million born
    -10.3 million die
    -13.7 million immigrate long term
    -7.6 million emigrate long term
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3
Q

how has the UK population changed in the last century?

A

-births fell in WW1
-births rise post war and in late 60s- wind rush generation
-overall births fell and deaths are meant to rise due to ageing population

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4
Q

what is birth rate?

A

-birth rate is the number of live births per thousand per year
-short term there have been 3 baby booms
-long term its falling

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5
Q

what is total fertility rate?

A

-total fertility rate is the average number of children have during their fertile years (15-44)
-short term it rose in 2014 to 1.83 compared to 1.63 in 2001
-long term its fallen greatly since 2.95 in 1964

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6
Q

what has caused changes in birth rate?

A

-legal equality with men of women
-increased education
-more women in payed employment
-changes in attitudes towards the family and women’s roles
-easier access to divorce
-access to abortion and reliable contraception

Harper says education of women is the most important reason for the declining birth rate long terms

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7
Q

how does fertility rate affect the family?

A

-smaller families means women are more likey to go out and work so more dual earner families

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8
Q

how does fertility affect the dependency ratio?

A

-fewer babies means less young adults working to support the dependants so the burden of dependency margin increases long term although short term less children less dependants

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9
Q

how does fertility affect public services and policies?

A

-lower birth rate means less schools and maternity and child health services needed.
-it affects the cost of maternity and paternity leave and types of houses needed to be built
-average age of population is rising

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10
Q

what is the death rate?

A

-death rate is the number of deaths per thousand of the population per year
-short term it can rise due to droughts pandemics ect
-it rose during the great economic depression
since 2011 to 2017 the death rate rose to 9.1
-in 2015 it reached 9.2
-long term falling due to better healthcare and conditions

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11
Q

what are reasons for the decline in death rate?

A
  • Tranter- decline in infectious disease replaced by diseases of affluence
    -Thomas McKeown- improved nutrition- evaluation: doesn’t explain why women live on average longer than men
    -medical improvements
    -Harper- smoking and diet
    -public health measures
    -decline of manual occupation
    -smaller families decreases the rate of transmission
    -better knowledge publicly of causes of diseases
    -lifestyle changes
    -higher incomes- allows healthier choices
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12
Q

how does life expectancy differ between different social groups?

A

-males in England in 2013 expect to live 79.1 years compared to women at 82.8 years
-a new born baby today has a better chance of reaching its 65th birthday than a baby born in 1900 had of reaching their third birthday
-wealthier people live longer because of better conditions

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13
Q

what stats show how the UK population is ageing?

A

-in 2022 19% of the UK population were over 65
-ONS projections show this to rise to 27% by 2027
-the average age of the population is rising from 34.1 in 1971, to 40.3 in 2013 and by 2037, 42.8

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14
Q

what are the causes of an ageing population?

A

-increased life expectancy
-decline in death rate
-decline in infant mortality
-decline in fertility

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15
Q

what are the negatives of an ageing population?

A

-ageism
-increased dependency ratio
-more strain on healthcare and welfare services

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16
Q

what are the positives of an ageing population?

A

-people are healthier longer so can work for more time- legal abolition of retirement age in 2011
-community involvement
-the grey pound
-less crime

17
Q

How might the experience of old age differ amongst social groups?

A

-poorer will have a worse experience as they won’t have a private pension and may experience fuel poverty

18
Q

what are the policy implications of an ageing population

A

-social policies will need to change to finance a longer period of old age
-encourage older people to trade down
-ideas of how old is old enough to retire may need to change
-more over 50’s accommodation