demography (f+h) Flashcards
Why did the fertility rate increase to 1.61 in 2021
People were having more babies due to lockdown taking place
What happens to the TRF in 1945
It increased due to end of WW2
Why may have the TRF decreases in the 1960s?
Change in women’s roles
Contraception act introduced in 1967
Divorce Act introduced in 1969
What is brith rate?
Number of live births per 1000 of the population
What is the trend and what impact does it have
There is a long term decline this results in smaller families, uneven dependent ratio, changing status of childhood.
What is the dependency ratio
The relationship between the proportion of the population who are working and those who are dependent or not working.
What is child centredness
Identifies children as special and unique who deserve respect and reflect the needs, interest and views of children.
What is general fertility rate
The number of live births per 1000 women of child-bearing age per year
What is the trend in general fertility rate
The general fertility rate has massively declined
What is the total fertility rate
The average number of children a women will have in her child-bearing years
What is the trend in total fertility rate
The total fertility rate has declined hitting record low
What are the reasons for decline in birth rate and fertility rate
Decrease in infant mortality
Economic
Changing role of women
Child centerness ( changing positions of children)
Education
Contraception
What is the main trend in death rates
Declined in the long term but peaked in 2012 and 2019-2020 due to covid 19
Fairly stable
What is the death rate
The number of people per 1000 who are in a particular area during a particular period of time
What is infant mortality rate
The number of deaths per 1000 babies within the first year, per years
What is the trend in the infant mortality rate
It has massively decreased
What is the causes of a decrease in infant mortality
Better healthcare and knowledge
Better hygiene
Better nutrition
Improvement in housing
Better standard of living
Better sanitation
What are the impacts of a decrease in infant mortality
Lower birth rate
Rise in child centerness
Reasons for decline in death rates
Improved nutrition
Health and safety legislation
Medical improvements
Public health measures, environmental and welfare improvements
Improved medical care e.g. care homes
Lifestyle changes- health and education
What are the impacts of decline in death rates
Ageing population- higher dependency ratio, less people working
Status of children/ child centerness- people put more time/ effort/ money into children
Single person households-more widowed people or separation=less housing for families
Social policy- increase in pensions, care homes and less money on younger people
Strain on public services- NHS, social workers, care homes, public transport jused more by ageing population
What is the life expectancy
An estimate of how long an average person born in a given year can expect to live
What is the trend in life expectancy
It is increasing over time
Average people are living longer
Every two years the life expectancy increases
What are the causes and impacts on life expectancy
Improved nutrition
Improved medical care
Health and safety legislation
Lifestyle changes
Public Health- declining infant mortality and fertility rates
What is ageing population
The size and proportion of the population as relates to age overtime
What is the trend in ageing population
People are living loner not matching lives births- less entering and less leaving the population
Causes for ageing population
Declining infant mortality
Decline in fertility rate
Increased life expectancy
Advantages of an ageing population
Roles models
Life expectancy
A boost to the economy
Social construction of aid age
Less crime older people are more law abiding
Being able to support the family e.g. childcare
Social cohesion and community involvement
Disadvantages of an ageing population
Housing shortages
A loss of skill from the labour force
Increasing poverty and hardship
Pensioners ‘time bomb’ -burden or dependence
More ill health and disability- more strain on NHS
more work for women- expected to take care of elderly relatives
Family stresses
