Demography Flashcards
Demography defn
the scientific study of human population
3 phenomenon of demography
(a) changes in population size (growth or decline)
(b) the composition of the population
(c) the distribution of population in space.
Demography statistics
population censuses, National Sample Surveys, registration of vital events, and adhoc demographic studies
Demographic cycle
High stationary ➡️ Early expanding ➡️ Late expanding ➡️ low stationary ➡️ Declining
Stage 1 or High stationary
high birth rate and a high death rate which cancel each other and the population remains stationary
Stage 2 or Early expanding
The death rate begins to decline, while the birth rate remains unchanged or increased in some countries
Stage 3 or late expanding
The death rate declines still further, and the birth rate tends to fall. The population continues to grow because births exceed deaths. India has entered this stage
Stage 4 or low stationary
low birth and low death rate with the result that the population becomes stationary
Stage 5 or Declining
birth rate is lower than the death rate ➡️ decline in population
India Crude Birth and Death rate
20 and 7 (2015)
World birth rate at 1975 and 2015
Less than 30 and 19
Reason for low global birth rate
Global trend towards smaller family
Key factors in declining fertility rates
1 government attitudes towards growth, 2 the spread of education,
3 increased availability of contraception,
4 family planning programmes,
5 marked change in marriage patterns.
Global death rate 2015
8/1000 population (23% reduction)
Factors affecting crude death rate
infant and child mortality
Reason for low death rate
1 maternal and child health services
2 immunization, diarrhoeal disease and acute respiratory
3 infectious diseases, there has been marked reduction in infant and child mortality rates, which are reflected in th
Growth rate defn
crude death rate is substracted from the crude birth rate, the net residual is the current annual growth rate,exclusive of migration
Factors of growth rates
1 age distribution,
2 marriage customs and
3 numerous cultural, social and economic factors.
% of growth rates occurring in developing countries
95%
One third of world population is under the age of ?
15 currently
UNFPA estimation of world population by 2015
10 billlion
Expected no of births per women :
1 industrialised country
2 developing countries
3 least developed
- 7
- 9
- 1
Global fertility rate
2.5
Consequence of rampant population growth
greatest obstacle to the economic and social advancement of the majority of people in the underdeveloped world
2 parts of demography indicators
Population statistics
Vital statistics
Population statistics
measure the population size, sex ratio, density and dependency ratio
Vital statistics
birth rate, death rate, natural growth rate, life expectancy at birth, mortality and fertility rates
Goal of these indicators
policy and programmed interventions,
setting near and far-term goals and
deciding priorities
Which year is called big divide ? Why?
1921, absolute number of people added to the population during each decade has been on the increase since 1921
First 3 ranks of states having ⬆️ population
Uttar Pradesh
Maharashtra
Bihar
The age structure of a population is best represented as
Age Pyramid
Age Pyramid of India
Broad base and tapering top
Sex ratio
the number of females per 1000 males
Low sex ratio indicates
strong male- child preference and consequent gender’ inequities, neglect of the girl child resulting in higher mortality at younger age, female infanticide, female foeticide, higher maternal morbidity and male bias
Sex ratio at birth
Affected by sex selectivity at birth
Child sex ratio current situation
Considerable fall in the ratio reaching up to 914
Dependency ratio
The proportion of persons above 65 years of age and children below 15 years of age are considered to be dependant on the economically productive age group (15-64 years). The ratio of the combined age groups 0-14 years plus 65 years and above to the 15-65 years age group is referred to as the total dependency ratio.
Subdivision of dependency ratio
Young age dependency ratio
Old age dependency ratio
Total dependency ratio
Children 0-14 years age + Population more than 65 years of age x lOO /
Population of 15 to 64
Consequence of rapid ⬇️ in child dependency ratio
key factor underlying rapid economic development
Demography bonus
the period when the dependency ratio in a population declines because of decline in fertility, until it starts to rise again because of increasing longevity .If investment in health care and education for skill development are made -during this period, maximum advantage is taken of the demographic transition with high economic growth rates
Demography burden
the increase in the total dependency ratio during any period of time, mostly caused by increased old age dependency ratio. This is an inevitable consequence of demographic transition, and the country has to face this problem sooner or later
Density of population
It is the ratio between (total) population and surface (land) area.
indices of population concentration is the density of population
Defn of density of population according to Indian census
the number of persons, living per square kilometre
Urbanisation
number of persons residing in urban localities
Urban area defn (India)
- Towns
- Places having 5000 or more inhabitants
- Density greater than 1000 / square mile or 390/sq km
Family size
the total number of children a woman has borne at a point in time
The completed family size indicates
the total number of children borne by a woman during her child-bearing age, which is generally assumed to be between 15 and 45 years.
The total fertility rate gives the approximate magnitude of the completed family size
The family planning programme’s campaign is currently based on the theme of
a “two-child” family norm, with a view to reach the long-term demographic goal of NRR= 1.
Family planning involves
decision regarding the “desired family size”
the effective limitation of fertility once that size has been reached.
The decrease in family size is due to ?
a) reduction in fertility
b) due to the result of deliberate family planning.
b)due to the result of deliberate family planning
Definition of literacy in Indian census
A person is deemed as literate if he or she can read and write with understanding in any language. A person who can merely read but cannot write is not considered literate.
Spread of literacy is generally associated
with modernization, urbanization, industrialization, communication and commerce
Higher levels of education and literacy lead to
a greater awareness and also contribute to improvement of economic conditions, and is a pre-requisite for acquiring various skills and better use of health care facilities.
crude literacy rate
Crude literacy rate : no of person literate x 100/
Total no of population
effective literacy rate
No of literate people aged 7 and above x100/
Population aged 7 and above in a given year
States with high literacy rate
Kerala
Mizoram
Lakshadweep
States with poor literacy rates
Arunachal Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh, Bihar and Jharkhand, Jammu & Kashmir, Uttar Pradesh, Rajasthan and Odisha
Education is compulsory up to ————— of age
14
Define Life expectancy - or expectation of life -
at a given age is the average number of years which a person of that age may expect to live, according to the mortality pattern prevalent in that country.
best indicators of a country’s level of development and of the overall health status of its population.
Life expectancy
Defn fertility
fertility is meant the actual bearing of children
Women reproductive period
15 to 45 years - a period of 30 years
Factors affecting fertility
1) age at marriage
2) duration of married life
3) spacing of children
4) education
5) Economic status
6) caste and religion
7) Nutrition
8) family planning
Importance of age of married in fertility
females who marry before the age of 18 gave birth to a larger number of children than those who married after
In India some demographers have estimated that if marriages were postponed from the age of 16 to 20-21, the number of births would decrease by 20-30 per cent
Name the act which prevents child marriage
Sarada act 1929
The child marriage restraint act of 1978
What is The child Marriage Restraint Act
legal age at marriage from 15 to 18 years for girls, and from 18 to 21 years for boys.
Duration of married life influence on fertility
Studies indicate that 10-25 per cent of all births occur within 1-5 years of married life
50-55 per cent of all births within 5-15 years of married life. Births after 25 years of married life are very few
This suggests that family planning efforts should be concentrated in the first few years of married life in order to achieve tangible results.
Spacing of children on fertility rate
when all births are postponed by one year, in each age group, there was a decline in total fertility.
Education influence on fertility
There is an inverse association between fertility and educational status. Education provides knowledge; increased exposure to information and media; builds skill for gainful employment; increases female participation in family decision making; and raises the opportunity costs of women’s time
Economic status influence on fertility
economic status bears an inverse relationship with fertility.
The total number of children born declines with an increase in per capita expenditure of the household.
Effect of nutrition on fertility
all well-fed societies have low fertility, and poorly-fed societies high fertility. The effect of nutrition on fertility is largely indirect
Birth rates
“the number of live births per 1000 estimated mid-year population, in a given year”. It is given by the formula:
No of live birth x 1000/ estimated mid year population
Disadvantage of crude birth rate
total population is not exposed to child bearing. Therefore it does not give a true idea of the fertility of a population.
General Fertility Rate (GFR)
It is the “number of live births per 1000 women in the reproductive age-group (15-44 or 49 years) in a given year”.
Formula : no of live births x 1000/mid year female population age 15 to 44
Advantage of general fertility rate
denominator is restricted to the number of women in the child-bearing age so it is better measure of fertility than the crude birth rate
Disadvantage of general fertility rates
not all women in the denominator are exposed to the risk of childbirth
General Marital Fertility Rate (GMFR)
It is the “number of live births per 1000 married women in the reproductive age group (15-44 or 49) in a given year”.
Age-specific Fertility Rate (ASFR)
“number of live births in a year to 1000 women in any specified age-group”.
Uses of age specific fertility rates
The age-specific fertility rates throw light on the fertility pattern.
They are also sensitive indicators of family planning achievement.
Sensitive indicator of family planning
Age specific fertility rates
Formula for age specific fertility rates
No of live births in a particular age group x 1000/ mid year female population of the same age group
Age-specific Marital Fertility Rate (ASMFR)
No of live births in a year to 1000 married women in any specified age group
Child-woman Ratio
It is the number of children 0-4 years of age per 1000 women of child-bearing age, usually defined as 15-44 or 49 years of age.
This ratio is used where birth registration statistics either do not exist or are inadequate.
Pregnancy Rate
It is the ratio of number of pregnancies in a year to married women in the ages 15-44 (or 49) years
Abortion Rate
The annual number of all types of abortions, usually per 1000 women of child-bearing age (usually defined as age 15-44)
Abortion Ratio
This is calculated by dividing the number of abortions performed during a particular time period by the number of live births over the same period
Marriage rate
It is the number of marriages in the year per 1000 population :
Crude marriage rate
No of marriages x1000/ Mid yr population
General marriage rate
No of Marriage within one year x1000/
No of unmarked person age 15 to 49 yr
