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SPM > Demography > Flashcards

Demography Flashcards

1
Q

Demography defn

A

the scientific study of human population

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2
Q

3 phenomenon of demography

A

(a) changes in population size (growth or decline)
(b) the composition of the population
(c) the distribution of population in space.

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3
Q

Demography statistics

A

population censuses, National Sample Surveys, registration of vital events, and adhoc demographic studies

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4
Q

Demographic cycle

A

High stationary ➡️ Early expanding ➡️ Late expanding ➡️ low stationary ➡️ Declining

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5
Q

Stage 1 or High stationary

A

high birth rate and a high death rate which cancel each other and the population remains stationary

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6
Q

Stage 2 or Early expanding

A

The death rate begins to decline, while the birth rate remains unchanged or increased in some countries

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7
Q

Stage 3 or late expanding

A

The death rate declines still further, and the birth rate tends to fall. The population continues to grow because births exceed deaths. India has entered this stage

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8
Q

Stage 4 or low stationary

A

low birth and low death rate with the result that the population becomes stationary

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9
Q

Stage 5 or Declining

A

birth rate is lower than the death rate ➡️ decline in population

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10
Q

India Crude Birth and Death rate

A

20 and 7 (2015)

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11
Q

World birth rate at 1975 and 2015

A

Less than 30 and 19

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12
Q

Reason for low global birth rate

A

Global trend towards smaller family

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13
Q

Key factors in declining fertility rates

A

1 government attitudes towards growth, 2 the spread of education,
3 increased availability of contraception,
4 family planning programmes,
5 marked change in marriage patterns.

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14
Q

Global death rate 2015

A

8/1000 population (23% reduction)

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15
Q

Factors affecting crude death rate

A

infant and child mortality

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16
Q

Reason for low death rate

A

1 maternal and child health services
2 immunization, diarrhoeal disease and acute respiratory
3 infectious diseases, there has been marked reduction in infant and child mortality rates, which are reflected in th

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17
Q

Growth rate defn

A

crude death rate is substracted from the crude birth rate, the net residual is the current annual growth rate,exclusive of migration

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18
Q

Factors of growth rates

A

1 age distribution,
2 marriage customs and
3 numerous cultural, social and economic factors.

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19
Q

% of growth rates occurring in developing countries

A

95%

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20
Q

One third of world population is under the age of ?

A

15 currently

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21
Q

UNFPA estimation of world population by 2015

A

10 billlion

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22
Q

Expected no of births per women :
1 industrialised country
2 developing countries
3 least developed

A
  1. 7
  2. 9
  3. 1
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23
Q

Global fertility rate

A

2.5

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24
Q

Consequence of rampant population growth

A

greatest obstacle to the economic and social advancement of the majority of people in the underdeveloped world

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25
Q

2 parts of demography indicators

A

Population statistics

Vital statistics

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26
Q

Population statistics

A

measure the population size, sex ratio, density and dependency ratio

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27
Q

Vital statistics

A

birth rate, death rate, natural growth rate, life expectancy at birth, mortality and fertility rates

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28
Q

Goal of these indicators

A

policy and programmed interventions,
setting near and far-term goals and
deciding priorities

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29
Q

Which year is called big divide ? Why?

A

1921, absolute number of people added to the population during each decade has been on the increase since 1921

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30
Q

First 3 ranks of states having ⬆️ population

A

Uttar Pradesh
Maharashtra
Bihar

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31
Q

The age structure of a population is best represented as

A

Age Pyramid

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32
Q

Age Pyramid of India

A

Broad base and tapering top

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33
Q

Sex ratio

A

the number of females per 1000 males

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34
Q

Low sex ratio indicates

A

strong male- child preference and consequent gender’ inequities, neglect of the girl child resulting in higher mortality at younger age, female infanticide, female foeticide, higher maternal morbidity and male bias

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35
Q

Sex ratio at birth

A

Affected by sex selectivity at birth

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36
Q

Child sex ratio current situation

A

Considerable fall in the ratio reaching up to 914

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37
Q

Dependency ratio

A

The proportion of persons above 65 years of age and children below 15 years of age are considered to be dependant on the economically productive age group (15-64 years). The ratio of the combined age groups 0-14 years plus 65 years and above to the 15-65 years age group is referred to as the total dependency ratio.

38
Q

Subdivision of dependency ratio

A

Young age dependency ratio

Old age dependency ratio

39
Q

Total dependency ratio

A

Children 0-14 years age + Population more than 65 years of age x lOO /
Population of 15 to 64

40
Q

Consequence of rapid ⬇️ in child dependency ratio

A

key factor underlying rapid economic development

41
Q

Demography bonus

A

the period when the dependency ratio in a population declines because of decline in fertility, until it starts to rise again because of increasing longevity .If investment in health care and education for skill development are made -during this period, maximum advantage is taken of the demographic transition with high economic growth rates

42
Q

Demography burden

A

the increase in the total dependency ratio during any period of time, mostly caused by increased old age dependency ratio. This is an inevitable consequence of demographic transition, and the country has to face this problem sooner or later

43
Q

Density of population

A

It is the ratio between (total) population and surface (land) area.

indices of population concentration is the density of population

44
Q

Defn of density of population according to Indian census

A

the number of persons, living per square kilometre

45
Q

Urbanisation

A

number of persons residing in urban localities

46
Q

Urban area defn (India)

A
  1. Towns
  2. Places having 5000 or more inhabitants
  3. Density greater than 1000 / square mile or 390/sq km
47
Q

Family size

A

the total number of children a woman has borne at a point in time

48
Q

The completed family size indicates

A

the total number of children borne by a woman during her child-bearing age, which is generally assumed to be between 15 and 45 years.
The total fertility rate gives the approximate magnitude of the completed family size

49
Q

The family planning programme’s campaign is currently based on the theme of

A

a “two-child” family norm, with a view to reach the long-term demographic goal of NRR= 1.

50
Q

Family planning involves

A

decision regarding the “desired family size”

the effective limitation of fertility once that size has been reached.

51
Q

The decrease in family size is due to ?

a) reduction in fertility
b) due to the result of deliberate family planning.

A

b)due to the result of deliberate family planning

52
Q

Definition of literacy in Indian census

A

A person is deemed as literate if he or she can read and write with understanding in any language. A person who can merely read but cannot write is not considered literate.

53
Q

Spread of literacy is generally associated

A

with modernization, urbanization, industrialization, communication and commerce

54
Q

Higher levels of education and literacy lead to

A

a greater awareness and also contribute to improvement of economic conditions, and is a pre-requisite for acquiring various skills and better use of health care facilities.

55
Q

crude literacy rate

A

Crude literacy rate : no of person literate x 100/

Total no of population

56
Q

effective literacy rate

A

No of literate people aged 7 and above x100/

Population aged 7 and above in a given year

57
Q

States with high literacy rate

A

Kerala
Mizoram
Lakshadweep

58
Q

States with poor literacy rates

A

Arunachal Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh, Bihar and Jharkhand, Jammu & Kashmir, Uttar Pradesh, Rajasthan and Odisha

59
Q

Education is compulsory up to ————— of age

A

14

60
Q

Define Life expectancy - or expectation of life -

A

at a given age is the average number of years which a person of that age may expect to live, according to the mortality pattern prevalent in that country.

61
Q

best indicators of a country’s level of development and of the overall health status of its population.

A

Life expectancy

62
Q

Defn fertility

A

fertility is meant the actual bearing of children

63
Q

Women reproductive period

A

15 to 45 years - a period of 30 years

64
Q

Factors affecting fertility

A

1) age at marriage
2) duration of married life
3) spacing of children
4) education
5) Economic status
6) caste and religion
7) Nutrition
8) family planning

65
Q

Importance of age of married in fertility

A

females who marry before the age of 18 gave birth to a larger number of children than those who married after

In India some demographers have estimated that if marriages were postponed from the age of 16 to 20-21, the number of births would decrease by 20-30 per cent

66
Q

Name the act which prevents child marriage

A

Sarada act 1929

The child marriage restraint act of 1978

67
Q

What is The child Marriage Restraint Act

A

legal age at marriage from 15 to 18 years for girls, and from 18 to 21 years for boys.

68
Q

Duration of married life influence on fertility

A

Studies indicate that 10-25 per cent of all births occur within 1-5 years of married life

50-55 per cent of all births within 5-15 years of married life. Births after 25 years of married life are very few
This suggests that family planning efforts should be concentrated in the first few years of married life in order to achieve tangible results.

69
Q

Spacing of children on fertility rate

A

when all births are postponed by one year, in each age group, there was a decline in total fertility.

70
Q

Education influence on fertility

A

There is an inverse association between fertility and educational status. Education provides knowledge; increased exposure to information and media; builds skill for gainful employment; increases female participation in family decision making; and raises the opportunity costs of women’s time

71
Q

Economic status influence on fertility

A

economic status bears an inverse relationship with fertility.

The total number of children born declines with an increase in per capita expenditure of the household.

72
Q

Effect of nutrition on fertility

A

all well-fed societies have low fertility, and poorly-fed societies high fertility. The effect of nutrition on fertility is largely indirect

73
Q

Birth rates

A

“the number of live births per 1000 estimated mid-year population, in a given year”. It is given by the formula:

No of live birth x 1000/ estimated mid year population

74
Q

Disadvantage of crude birth rate

A

total population is not exposed to child bearing. Therefore it does not give a true idea of the fertility of a population.

75
Q

General Fertility Rate (GFR)

A

It is the “number of live births per 1000 women in the reproductive age-group (15-44 or 49 years) in a given year”.

Formula : no of live births x 1000/mid year female population age 15 to 44

76
Q

Advantage of general fertility rate

A

denominator is restricted to the number of women in the child-bearing age so it is better measure of fertility than the crude birth rate

77
Q

Disadvantage of general fertility rates

A

not all women in the denominator are exposed to the risk of childbirth

78
Q

General Marital Fertility Rate (GMFR)

A

It is the “number of live births per 1000 married women in the reproductive age group (15-44 or 49) in a given year”.

79
Q

Age-specific Fertility Rate (ASFR)

A

“number of live births in a year to 1000 women in any specified age-group”.

80
Q

Uses of age specific fertility rates

A

The age-specific fertility rates throw light on the fertility pattern.
They are also sensitive indicators of family planning achievement.

81
Q

Sensitive indicator of family planning

A

Age specific fertility rates

82
Q

Formula for age specific fertility rates

A

No of live births in a particular age group x 1000/ mid year female population of the same age group

83
Q

Age-specific Marital Fertility Rate (ASMFR)

A

No of live births in a year to 1000 married women in any specified age group

84
Q

Child-woman Ratio

A

It is the number of children 0-4 years of age per 1000 women of child-bearing age, usually defined as 15-44 or 49 years of age.

This ratio is used where birth registration statistics either do not exist or are inadequate.

85
Q

Pregnancy Rate

A

It is the ratio of number of pregnancies in a year to married women in the ages 15-44 (or 49) years

86
Q

Abortion Rate

A

The annual number of all types of abortions, usually per 1000 women of child-bearing age (usually defined as age 15-44)

87
Q

Abortion Ratio

A

This is calculated by dividing the number of abortions performed during a particular time period by the number of live births over the same period

88
Q

Marriage rate

A

It is the number of marriages in the year per 1000 population :

89
Q

Crude marriage rate

A

No of marriages x1000/ Mid yr population

90
Q

General marriage rate

A

No of Marriage within one year x1000/

No of unmarked person age 15 to 49 yr

SPM (3 decks)

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