Demography Flashcards
Population Size
pop gen inc when BRs = higher than DRs - low fertility rates/high mortality rates lead to dec - fewer ch to replace
immigration causes pop to inc - emigration causes dec
The Family
smaller fams mean women m likely to work
better off fams may afford childcare & still have larger fams while both p’s work
Birth & Fertility Rates
BR dec since early C20 - 2014 = nearly 700k births in E&W - 1901 = 1mil
fertility unusually high after WWI&II & 1960s =32 mins 40 secs baby boomers - since mid 1970s fluctuated - now falling
TFR = av num of ch a woman would have if followed current FR - gen dec E&W - 2014 = 1.8 now = 1.44
completed fam size (CFS) = av num of ch for women born in specific yr - 1968=1.9 ch comp 2.3 1941
The Dependency Ratio
fall in num of ch dec depen ratio burden at 1st
but eventu menas less working adults & so may inc again
lower FR may mean children become lonelier & have less rep - may = m valued
Having Fewer Children Later
av num of depen ch per fam = 2.0 1971 comp 1.7 2011 - women having children later = 24 1971 comp 28 2013
m not having ch 9% women born 1945 = chless at 45 = 20% 1966
soc change has influ - contra - change in roles - emph on indu in post indust soc = key
ch = expen & time consuming - may choose to spend other ways - women put off having children by conflict w/ career
Public Services & Policies
fewer services like schools needed
mat/pat costs may go down
may not need so many large houses
ageing pop
Mortality Rates
IMR - num of deaths of 0-1 yrs old per 1000 births - improv 1st 1/2 of C20
1901 16.6% boys & 13.6% girls in E&W died b4 = 1 - now = less than 0.5%
adult mortality also fallen - num of deaths per yr stayed same since 1901 - inc in pop in C20 means proportion of deaths has fallen - healthcare improvs in 2nd 1/2 of C20
Why have mortality rates declined?
intro of vacs, blood transfusions, antibiotics and better preg care - m survive
NHS 1948 made healthcare free & accessible
gov improv public health by reg food & water qual, enforcing laws to improve cleanliness & public awareness of infections - dec disease
McKeown (1972) thought better nutri = maj factor in improv mortality bc ppl able to fight infection
The Ageing Population
dec in MR = inc LE 1in3 babies borm 2013 = LE of 100
IMR largely respon but also public health
pop ages when num & propor of older ppl inc - median age of pop to inc
TFR of 2.1 would replace the pop - replacement level - when below get ageing pop - dec in FR since 1970s means = fewer ch - propor of young to old dec - older set to inc - baby boomers
propor of 65+ in UK = inc almost 1/4 of UK pop expected to = 65 by 2035
propor of 85+ = x2 1985
Modern Society & Old Age
ageism result of structural dependence- old = exclu from £ work = econ depen on fam/state, retirees have stig idens/depen status = powerless
Phillipson (1982) - M - old = useless to cap X as prod - care falls to fams esp women
Postmodern Society & Old Age
fixed life stages broken down & consump = key to iden
Hunt (2005) can choose lifestyle/iden regardless of age, old now market for rejuvi products - stereos broken down - media portrays old age pos - body becomes surface on which the old can ‘write’ own iden
Inequality among the old
Pilcher (1995) class & gender difs still NB in old age & affect abil to create iden
class - MC have better pensions & m savings & higher LE
gender - women have lower earnings & career breaks so less pension, subject to sexism & ageism
Policy Implications
Hirsch (2005) higher pension contributions, longer working age, housing pol to encour old age downsizing
pol changes would need sup w/ change in cul
Burden of Care
soc has respon to care for ch & old = BofC & puts pressure on resources
BofC shifts to older ppl in ageing pop - also dec in propor of working age ppl - inc depending ratio & young struggle to meet old needs
Hirsh (2005) ppl will either have to work into 60s&70s / pay m taxes to contrib to care - single pensioners compete for housing w/ single young - £s inc - older ppl often own homes - young have few assets - will lose out
Griffiths Report
late 1980s gov comis GR on care in commun - looked at LT care of mentally ill, disabled and old to make m efficient
care of old leaving hospital by NHS services - respon now = councils - move from institu to care in the home
m minor health & soc care in home improv indepen of older ppl who don’t want to be in part time homes X need 24 hr care - since 2008 fin crisis gov given less £ to councils - means services = cut
Poverty in old age
ageism inc in ageing pop - needs seen as prob - underestis value in soc
Townsend (1979) studied pov in UK = m old in pov - underclass of pensioner develop bc X rely on income from employ, ppl w/ high status in working life less likely in pov - linked idea lower class ppl in pov thro work less likely to have savings & priv pens to sup old age
Pilcher (1995) both class & gender effect - women have smaller pens - time for childcare
Net Migration
reached high 2014 = 300k - foreign born pop x2 1991-2011
b4 WW2 FB pop = low - lab shortage meant gov encour polish soldier to move to UK
Brit Nationality Act (1948) = easier for cits from commonwealth to settle - inc immigration
until 80s emigration to Aus & USA matched immigration - mass immi in 90s meant net migration inc
late 80s-90s war & pol conflicts led to inc in asylum applis - peaked 2002 = over 84k
2004-7 EU expanded free movement - since BREXIT = sig dec in EU immi but inc in non-EU
Immigration
from 1900 until 50s m immigrants = white
1950s B-C ppl came - 1970s =-32 mins 50 secs South Asian & East African
now = m ethn diverse - 14% of pop = EMGs
Emigration
UK always net exporter of ppl
e.g. USA Canada, New Zealand, Australia & South Africa
push factors - recession & unemployment
pull factors - higher wages / better oppurs
Impact of Migration
Population Size = grwoing
Age Structure - lowers av age directly & indirectly
Depen Ratio - working age immis lower DR esp if retiring at home, have m ch = inc - longer a group is settled clower FR comes to nat av red overall impact on DR
Impact of the increase in net migration
impact flow FR on pop size in UK outweighed by impact of net migration
dec av age of country - tend to = young & working - dec depen ratio by inc num of ppl able to sup
FR for mums X born in UK = higher - inc depen ratio = temp bc will reach working age & dec depending ration
inc in net mig led to inc in multi fam HHs
Globalisation
since 90s =1 min 30 secs m ethn div - dif culs & religs = multi cul
over 1/2 of visas granted june 2014-15 = edu, 1/4 = econ
Eriksen (2007) migs in glob world tend to inform transnat iden - X belong to single country = network - less likely to assimilate, learn lang, cul - don’t see as permenant
immigration = pol issue - givs decide to promo assim / accept multi cul
Acceleration
UN (2013) between 2000 & 2013 migration inc by 33% - reached 232 mil
Differentiation
b4 90s m immis from former Brit cols
led to reasonably small level of ethn & cul div
Vertovec (2007) - now have super div
indus differ in legal stats - spouse/cit & even ppl from same EMGs may differ in religion/cul
Feminisation of Migration
in past mostly men - now 1/2 =0.5 female
called the glob of gender div of labour
female migs fitted into patri stereos about women’s roles - carers, sexual services
Ehrenreich & Hochschild (2003)
Ehrenreich & Hochschild (2003) care, dom & sex work in W countries inc done by women from poor c’s
due to expansion of service occups in. W = inc demand on female lab - W women & men less willing to do dom lab - fail of state to provide adequate chcare
Feminisation of Migration
Continued
emo lab trans glob
many migrant nannies care for employs children at expense of own in home country
mail order brides - show gendered & racialised stereos e.g. orient women as subser
women migs also enter illegally as trafficked sex workers - often kept in conditions like slavery
Migrant Identities
may find in their country of origin
Eade (1994) suggests some develop hybrid idens from 2/m dif sources - 2nd gen B’s create hier iden - muslim 1st, then bengali then brit - may find others challenge iden / accuse of X fitting in
Transnational Identities
Hylland Eriksen (2007) glob created m div mig patterns w/ back & forth movements of ppl thro networks X perm settlement - means less likely to see selves as completely belonging to 1 cul/country develop transnat neither/nor idens - helped by tech e.g. internet
