Demography Flashcards
Globalisation and Migration
1) Differentiation: many types of migrant (temporary workers, forced migrants, asylum seekers etc), this caused increased diversity
Vertovec= since 1990s, super diversity (migrants from wider range of countries)
Cohen= citizens (full rights), Denizens (foreign national, welcomed by the state), Helots (exploited, poorly paid)
2) Feminisation:
Shutes= over 40% of care workers are migrants (more women), so higher demand for female labour
3) Migrant identities:
‘Hybrid Identities’, accused of not fitting in. Eriksen= more diverse migrant patterns (transnational - move more frequently)
4) Politicisation:
state policies to control immigration and diversity
(1) Arsimilation: encourage adoption of host culture
(2) Multiculturalism: accept separate identity
The Aging Popuation
Average age population is rising due to increased life expectancy, decreased infant mortality rate, decreased fertility
Effects:
(1) Public services: consume more services (healthcare). BUT AVOID OVER GENERALISATION AS MANY ELDERLY REMAIN IN GOOD HEALTH
(2) One Person Pensioner Households: 12.5% of all households (majority are female)
(3) Dependency Ratio: dependent, provided for by taxes (which increase as number of retired also increases). BUT NOT ALWAYS AS AGE OF RETIREMENT IS ALSO RISING
(4) Agism: in modern society, elderly are excluded from labour force so made dependent.
Evaluation:
Hunt= age no longer determines who we are - greater lifestyle choices
Herschel= Policies need to change (eg: paying more taxes, encourage elderly to move into smaller houses)
Death Rate
Reasons for Decline:
1) Improved nutrition: causes resistance to infection, BUT DOESN”T EXPLAIN WHY FEMALES LIVE LONGER
2) Medical improvements: after 1950s (NHS), improved knowledge so can treat better and more effectively
3) Smoking and Diet: Harper= less smoking so less diseases. BUT OBESITY HAS REPLACED SMOKING
4) Public Health Measures: laws improve housing, water, air etc
5) Other: high incomes (healthier lifestyles), decline of dangerous jobs, increased life expectancy
Evaluation:
differs due to gender, class and regional differences
- Women live longer than men (generally)
- UK North has higher life expectancy than South
- WC has lower expectancy due to job differences (manual labour)
Birth Rate
1) Changes in women’s employment: Harper= education changed mindset (less children due to new opportunities), 2012 = 1 in 5 women aged 45 were childless
2) Decline in infant mortality rate: Harper= more children survive so less need to replace, due to better healthcare, sanitation knowledge since 1950s
3) Economic Liability: children used to be economic assets, laws banning child labour and increase school leaving age causes longer dependency
4) Child Centredness: childhood seen as important, less children causes more attention and resources provided
BR = falling since 19th century. This impacts:
Public services: fewer services (eg: schools) needed
Dependency Ratio: reduced burden on working population (to provide for children)
