Demography Flashcards
Define Total Fertility Rate
Trend
Supporting Statistic
TFR- avg. number of children per women in fertile years
Decreasing
1964- high of 2.93
2020- low of 1.58
Define Birth Rate
Trend
Supporting statistic
BR- humans birthed per 1000 of the population
Decreasing
1900- 28.7
2020- 11.4
Reasons for declining BR
Supporting Theorist
Changes in women’s position
Decline in IMF (infant mortality)
Children are now an economic liability
Child centredness (rise)
Harper (2012)- education of women
Effects of fertility changes
Smaller families
Increase in dependency ratio
-Working pop + vanishing children
Strain on public services
-Due to ageing pop
Reasons for declining death rate
Supporting Acts and Statistics
Improved nutrition
Medical imprvements
Smoking + diet
Clean Air act- 1956, NHS- 1946
Male life expectancy- 1900 (50), 2018 (87
Reasons for an ageing population
Supporting statistic
Increased life expectancy
Declining IMR
Declining in TFR
1971 avg age (34.1)
2020 avg age (40.4)
Effects of an ageing population (General)
Supporting Statistic
Greater strain on public services
One person pensioner households
Dependency ratio
3.5W:1NW (2020)
2.7W:1NW (2041)
Ageing population (Marxism)
Supporting theorist
Ageism leads to the elderly excluded from paid work due to fixed stages of life
Phillipson (1982)- structured dependency
Ageing population (Postmodernist)
Examples
Hunt (2005)- identity no longer restricts choice
-Children dressing as adults
Changes in womens position (BR)
Theorist
Legal equality
Educational opportunities
Changing attitudes
Harper (2012)-opportunities
Decline in IMR (BR)
Improved housing + sanitation
Better nutrition
Improved services
Children as an economic liability (BR)
Laws banning child labour
Changing norms (expectations)
Nutrition (DR)
Theorist
-Accounted for 50% of reduction
-Important for reducing TB
Mckeown (1972)
Smoking + diet
Theorist
American health culture
-Long life sustained through costly medication
Harper (2012)
