demography

Question 1

what characteristics are included in demography?

Answer 1

• size
• age structure
• births
• deaths
• immigration
• emigration

Question 2

2 main reasons the Uk population has changed before and after 1980’s?

Answer 2

• before: natural change
• after: net migration

Question 3

births

how many baby booms were there in the 20th century and when did they come?

Answer 3

• 3
• first 2- after two world wars
• 3rd- 1960’s

Question 4

births

what is the total fetility rate?

Answer 4

• the average number of children women will have during their fertile years

Question 5

births

changes in fertility reflect how:

Answer 5

• more women are remaining childless
• women are postponing having children

Question 6

births

reasons for the decline in birth rate?

Answer 6

1. changes in women’s positions
2. decline in the infant mortality rate (IMR)
3. children are now an economic liability
4. child centerdness

Question 7

births

examples of changes in women’s positions

Answer 7

• legal equality with men
• increased educational opportunity
• more women in paid employment + more equal pay
• changes in attitudes towards women’s role
• easier access to divorce
• access to abortion and contraception

Question 8

births

reasons for decreased IMR

Answer 8

• better sanitation
• better nutrition
• better knowledge of hygiene and wellfare
• improved services for mothers and babies (both antenatal clinics and postnatal clinics)

Question 9

births

how have children become an ecomic liability?

Answer 9

• laws banning child labour
• compulsory schooling
• raising school leaving age
• changing norms about what children expect from their parents

Question 10

births

child centeredness has meant there has been a shift from….

Answer 10

• quantity to quality
• childhood being a uniquely important period in a persons life

Question 11

births

effects of changes in fertility

Answer 11

• the family
• the dependancy ratio
• public services and policies

Question 12

births

how has the family been effected by changes in fertility?

Answer 12

• women free to go out to work creating…
• dual income

Question 13

births

how has the dependancy ration been effected by changes in fertility?

Answer 13

• a fall in the number of children reduces the “burden of dependancy” on the working population
• long term bad- fewer babies being born- smaller working population- burden of dependancy increases again
• vanishing children- less children- lonlier childhood- more childless adults- less people speaking up in cjild interests

Question 14

births

how have public services and policies been effected by chnages in fertility?

Answer 14

• fewer schools and maternity wards and child health services will be needed
• an ageing population: more old than young people