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Sociology year 1 > chapter 4 topic 4- demography > Flashcards

chapter 4 topic 4- demography Flashcards

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Sociology 101 flashcards
1
Q

define immigration

A
  • moving into a country
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2
Q

define emigration

A
  • moving out of a country
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3
Q

define net migration

A
  • difference between immigrants and emigrants in a country
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4
Q

what is the main reason for emigration

A

economic reasons

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5
Q

what are the names of the 2 types of factors that can make people emigrate or immigrate

A
  • push factor
  • pull factor
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6
Q

give 3 examples of push factors

A
  • bad healthcare
  • unemployment
  • no access to education
  • wars and conflict
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7
Q

give 3 examples of pull factors

A
  • higher wages
  • good quality healthcare
  • high employment opportunities
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8
Q

what is natural increase

A
  • where births exceed deaths
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9
Q

how have immigrants directly lowered the average age of population

A
  • they are genrally younger
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10
Q

how have immigrants indirectly lowered the average age of population

A
  • more fertile so have more babies
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11
Q

what are the 3 effects of immigration linking to the dependency ratio

A
  • more likely to be working age so lowers dependency ratio
  • but because they are younger they have more children to increases dependency ratio
  • the longer a group settles the closer the fertility rate comes to national average so reduces impact on dependency ratio
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12
Q

what are the 3 trends in global migration

A
  • acceleration
  • differentiation
  • feminisation of migration
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13
Q

explain acceleration of migration

A
  • rate of migration has increased
  • between 2000 and 2013 migration increased by 33%
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14
Q

what is super diversity and who’s idea was it?

A
  • steven vertovec
  • migrants come from a wider range of countries
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15
Q

what are the 3 types of migrants and who identified them?

A
  • robin cohen
  • citizens
  • denizens
  • helots
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16
Q

what are citizens?

A
  • full citizenship rights
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17
Q

what are denizens

A
  • priveleged foreign nationals welcomes by the state
  • beillionaires or highly paod employees
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18
Q

what are helots?

A
  • most exploited group
  • states call them ‘disposable units of labour power’
  • are in unskilled poorly paid work
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19
Q

explain feminisation of migration

A
  • almost half of all migrants are female
  • called the globalisation of the gender division of labour
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20
Q

what are the 4 trends that have resulted in women from poor countries doing care, sex and domestic work and who recognised this?

A
  • ehreneich and hochschild
  • expansion of service occupations
  • western women have joined labour force so less willing to do domestic labour
  • western men unwilling to do domestic labour
  • failure of state to provide adequate childcare
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21
Q

what are they called when someones identity is made up of multiple sources?

A
  • hybrid identity
22
Q

explain a hybrid identity and who recognised that?

A
  • john eade
  • identity made up of multiple sources
  • for example bangladeshi muslims in england saw themselves as muslin then bengali then english
23
Q

what is assimilationism

A

aimed to encourage immigrants to adopt the customs of the host culture to make them more ‘like us’

24
Q

example of shallow diversity

A
  • regarding chicken tikka massala as britains national dish is acceptablr
25
Q

example of deep diversity

A
  • arranged marriages or veiling of women is not acceptable to the state
26
Q

what do the changes in fertility and birth rates reflect?

2

A
  • more women are remaining childless than in the past
  • women are postponing having children until later so produce fewer children as they are less fertile
27
Q

what are the 4 reasons for a decline in birth rate?

A
  • changes in women’s position
  • decline in IMR
  • children are now an economic liability
  • child centredness
28
Q

give examples of what changes have increased women’s position

5

A
  • right ot vote
  • more access to divorce
  • more women in paid employment
  • access to contraception
  • better educational opportunities
29
Q

what are the reasons that IMR fell in 20th century

4

A
  • improved housing and sanitation
  • better nutrition
  • better knowledge of hygiene and child’s health
  • improved post and pre natal services
30
Q

what was the IMR in 1900 and 2023?

A

1900- 154
2023- 3

31
Q

what 2 factors mean that children are an economic liability?

A
  • laws- banning child labour and increasing the school leaving age
  • changing norms- what children expect from parents have changed so want more expensive things
32
Q

what is child centredness?

A
  • when parents prefer to focus on one child
  • quality over quantity approach
33
Q

what are the 3 effects of changes in birthrate?

A
  • the family
  • dependency ratio
  • public service and policies
34
Q

how does the family change with birth rate?

A
  • smaller families
  • women more likely to work
  • however some may work and have big families if they can afford it
35
Q

how does the dependency rati change with changes in birthrate?

A
  • fall in births reduces the ‘burden of dependency’
36
Q

how are public services affected with change in birthrate?

A
  • the need for schools and maternity wards change
  • however instead of taking them away a polciy may come into place about reducing class sizes
37
Q

what are the 4 reasons for decline in death rate

A
  • improved nutrition
  • medical improvements
  • smoking and diet
  • public health measures
38
Q

who said that improved nutrition accounted for half the reduction in death rates

A

Mckeown 1972

39
Q

what did McKeown say about nutrition?

A
  • improved nutrition accounted for half the reduction in death rates
40
Q

when did NHS get set up?

A

1948

41
Q

what did harper say about smoking and death rates?

A

the reduction in smoking reduced death rates massively

42
Q

what examples of public health measures helped reduce deaths?

4

A
  • better ventilated houses
  • purer water
  • improved sewage
  • clean air act
43
Q

what was life expectancy for males and females in 1900 and 2023?

A

1900- 50 male 57 female
2024- 70 male 76 female

44
Q

what 3 factors cause an ageing population?

A
  • increased life expectancy
  • declining IMR
  • declinin fertility
45
Q

what are the 3 affects of an ageing population?

A
  • public services
  • one person pensioner households
  • dependency ratio
46
Q

how are public services affected with an ageing population?

A
  • use more health services
47
Q

what statistic accounts for one person pensioner households?

A
  • 1 in 8 of all households
48
Q

what is the modernist belief of old people?

A
  • old are excluded from paid work
  • they are no use to capitalism
  • they are dependant and powerless
    *
49
Q

what is a postmodernist belief of old age

A
  • old people are blurring the lines and becoming more like young people
  • they can choose lifestyles regardless of age
50
Q

what does hirsch say about policies?

A
  • social policies will have to chane to tackle ageing population
  • housing policies will have to change

Sociology year 1 (12 decks)

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