Demography Flashcards
What is the total fertility rate?
- average number of children women will have during fertile years
- 2014= 1.8, 1964= 2.9
- more women childless
- postpone having children, average age is 30
Reasons for decline in birth rate, changes in position:
Harper, education of women, see other possibilities than being a housewife, instead pursue a career.
- 2012, 1 in 5 women aged 45 was childless
Reasons for decline in birth rate, decline in infant mortality rate:
- number of infants per 1000 who die before their 1st birthday
- no longer having losts of children to replace those who die
- 1900, UK IMR, 154
- 2012 IMR, 4
- better housing, nutrition, hygiene, services
Reasons for decline in birth rate, children are an economic liability:
- not financially able to have a large family
- previously sent out to work to support the family
- laws ban child labour and changing norms
Reasons for decline in birth rate, child centredness:
- shift from quantity to quality
- fewer children, give more attention & resources to the few
What are some effects of changes in fertility?
- smaller families, women going out to work, dual earner couple. can afford childcare so both go full time
- the dependency ratio, relationship between working part of the population and non working (dependent) working population support the non-working (children).
- Fewer babies born, less young adults, smaller working population, more dependent
- childhood becomes more lonely, no siblings
- fewer schools and healthcare needed (services) impacting cost of paternity
- rising ageing population
Reasons for decline in death rate
- improved nutrition, (McKeown, increased resistance to infection)
-Medical improvements (antibiotics, vaccines, improved maternity) - Reduced smoking, however obesity replaced
- Improved living standards (ventilation, pure water, improved sewage removal)
- Decline of dangerous occupations (mining)
How has life expectancy increased since 1900s?
1900:
Men= 50
Women= 57
2013
Men= 90
Women=94
Class + Gender differences in life expectancy:
- Women live longer than men even though more smoke and men have changed employment (manual)
- Walker, the poorest die 7 years earlier than those in the richest areas of England
How is an ageing population caused?
- increasing life expectancy
- declining infant mortality
- declining fertility
Effects of an ageing population
- increased expenditure on healthcare, old people consume large proportions
- increase of one person pensioner households
- increased dependency ratio, 3.2 working age for every pensioner (2015) fall to 2.8 (2033)
- ageism, discrimination towards older people based on negative stereotypes, excluded from paid work (depend on state/families)
- stages of life have been blurred, more choice in life. centrality of the media= portray elderly positively, emphasis on surface features= anti ageing, cosmetic surgery, exercise; old have different identities
What does Hirsch argue about social policys for an ageing population?
- social policies need to change to solve problem of an ageing population
- financing longer periods of old age byy paying more taxes/ working longer
- housing policies change ‘trade down’ into smaller housing, free up housing for families
- age of retirement may change
Inequality amongst the old
class= MC have better pensions and savings, poor older people shorter life expectancy
gender= women earn less, lower pensions, stereotypes ‘old hags’
Difference between immigration and emigration
immigration, movement into a society
emigration, movement out of a society
Push and pull factors for emigration:
- Push, unemployment, war, oppressive government
- Pull, higher wages, better opportunities, education, weather
Impact of migration on UK population
-increased population size, 2014: more immigrants (583,000) than emigrants (323,000)
births exceed deaths, non uk born mothers account for 25% of births
- lowers age structure, directly (immigrants younger) indirectly (younger= more fertile)
- low the dependency ratio, immigrants work, older migrants return to country of origin, their children join labour force
How has globalisation increased migration?
Interconnectedness between societies through national boundaries and technological advances allowing communication
What is acceleration (migration)?
- speeding up rate of migration, increased by 33% between 2000 and 2013
What is differentiation (migration)
- different types of migrants, permanent settlers, temporary workers, refugees
- super diversity= migrants come from a wider range of countries
class different amongst migrants: - citizens (legally belongs, full rights of country)
- denizens (a foreigner allowed certain rights)
- helots (most exploited, enslaved, trafficked)
How has migration became feminised?
1/2 of all global migrants female, fit into patriarchal stereotypes (domestic/ sex work) which Western women don’t want to participate in
What are hybrid identities and transnational identities?
hybrid: Eade, Bangladeshi Muslims in Britain created hierarchal identities. Muslim first, Bengali then British
transnational: migrants don’t see themselves as belonging to one culture (neither/nor) back and fourth movements
What is assimilationism and multiculturalism?
assimilationism= the process whereby individuals or groups of differing ethnicity are absorbed into the dominant culture of a society
multiculturalism= society, as a whole, benefits from increased diversity through the harmonious coexistence of different cultures
Shallow: state accepts tikka masala as Britain’s national dish
Deep: state doesn’t accept arranged marriages
