Demography Flashcards
what is the infant mortality rate
number of deaths in children in first years of life per 1000 of population
what is the total fertility rate
number of live birth per 1000 women per year
The life expectancy has increased for both men and women from 1995 to to 2024. What are the numerical values
1995- 72-75
2024- 81-84
The decline of birth is said to be because of the education of women. What does harper say about this?
Harper- education of women led to a mindset where women are more likely to family plan and choose career than play into traditional expressive roles
It is said that the decline in birth rate is also due to fall of IMR. why ?
Why is it said that maternity leave is going to be less of an issue?
Harper- The IMR fall is because more children are surviving therefore parents are having less children
Because lower birth rate, less maternity leaves, therefore it is less of an issue.
What are the reasons to the infant mortality rate to decrease
Improved housing and nutrition
better hygeine
improved health services
How come child centredness is becoming more popular
Increase as childhood is now seen and an important life stage
what is the dependency ratio
relationship between the size of the non working population and the working population
what are the two burdens of dependency?
Why is it said that the dependent population is falling?
How do retired people increase the dependency ratio
Children and Elderly
Birth rates are falling, therefore les children to be dependent
retired people increase the dependency ratio through taxation to pay for health care and pensions
what is the dual earner couple
When both women and men are earning money
what is the japan birth rate crisis and why
what is the predicted percentage fall of the population
How many years have japan been in birth rate fall crisis
1 - There is a declining birth rate due to -
High cost of living
Focus on career and education
change of social norms
limited support for parents
2- It is predicted that the population is going to fall by 30%
3- for 50 years, the birth rate has been declining.
What was the death rate in 1900 compared to 2012?
what historical event caused a slight raise in death rate?
1900- 19 2012- 8.9
the great depression and world war 2 rose death rates
How has better nutrition caused a decrease in death rates.
What sociologist believes improved nutrition improved death by infection
What points argue against nutrition helping us survive infection
-Better nutrition increased the resistance and survival chance of infectious diseases.
-McKeown,
-For example, females received smaller share of the family food supply, lived longer than males.
also failed to explain why deaths of infectious diseases actually rose at a time of improved nutrition
What are the 5 believed factors contributing to the decrease in death rates
Nutrition- mckeown
Medical improvements
Diet and smoking- Harper
Public health measures
Social change
Compare medical improvements from before the 1950s and after the 1950s.
What are examples of improved medical knowledge after the 1950s
before- Medical improvements has no improvement of death rates from infectious disease.
After- medical knowledge and techniques improved.
2- antibiotics, blood transfusions, improved maternal services, improved medication,
What sociologist focuses on smoking and diet and death rates
What is the main argument of smoking and diet contributing to the decrease of death rates
Instead, what problem has replaced smoking.
What is the “American health culture” , that England is heading towards.
Harper
the greatest fall of death rates hasn’t came from medication, but from a reduction in people smoking.
Obesity, in 2021- 1/4 of adults were obese.
American health culture- lifestyles are unhealthy but a long life is achieved through medication
What public health measures contribute to lower death rates
What important act reduced air pollution
improved housing
better ventilation
less crowded accomodation
sewage disposal
Clean air act- reduced air pollution
Is life expectancy increasing or decreasing
Harper believes in “Radical longevity”. What is this?
Increasing
Harper says that if the trend of longer life span continues, we will reach radical longevity- people will reach crazy ages of 100.
what is an ageing population
What is ageism-
What are examples of ageism
a population where people are living longer
unequal treatment and stereotyping against people due to their age.
unequal treatment in health care, discrimination of employment
what is the difference between modern society and post modern society?
which society is ageist… modern or post modern
Modern society- Before 1950
Post modern- 1950 and after
It is argued that modern society is ageist whilst postmodern isnt ageist.
what is the post modern beliefs of age we need to know
- Age groups are slowly breaking down, e.g. adults and children are slowly beginning to dress alike
-Believe we can choose our identity based off of out consumption (what we own), regardless of age.
-Old people are becoming a perfect target market for body maintenance and rejuvenation services- e.g. gym memberships, cosmetic surgery, anti-ageing products.
What are the modern beliefs of ageing
-what is structured dependency
-what is identity of eldery dependent on
-what is a dependent status
Believe in structured dependency- old are excluded from paid work due to ageism, therefore they become economically dependent on the working population.
Life stages in modern society are very distinct, therefore people also have age related identities- old are allocated into a role of dependency and powerlessness.
Identity is dependent on our role in production (what job role we have). Therefore due to retirement, elderly don’t have a role in production. meaning they have a dependent status
A dependent status is a status given to people who rely on others for financial support
what is the marxist perspective of old age
How do the state respond to elderly having no role in production
old are no use to capitalism as they have no productive role.
state is unwilling to support them therefore women usually take on the carer role.
what is an age pyramid
pyramid showing age distribution of a population or time period
Hirsch is a sociologist concerned about the ageing population.
What two policies does hirsch think need to be changed to support the ageing population
- Increase the retirement age or pay more into pension schemes.
Encourage people to downsize homes.
During postmodern society, stages of life have broke down, but inequalities of gender and class still remain.
Explain how gender and class create inequality for the ageing population
What is the age concern
M/C- have better pensions and savings due to their life of high salaries.
W/C- elderly have a shorter life expectancy, suffer with mobile problems, therefore they cant live a young self identity
Women’s low wages, maternal leaves = lower pensions and savings than men. Women also experience age stereotypes = “old hag”.
Age concern- more people reported suffering from age discrimination
what are some advantages to the ageing population
they are economically productive- they have years of experience, making them more productive than newer workers
environmentally friendly- older people consume less and own less, therefore they have an environmental friendly lifestyle
family care- older people have more family values, making them good carers for members like grandchildren
what is immigration
what is migration
what is emmigration
Immigration- movement of people into a particular country
Migration- movement of people from place to place
Emmigration- movement of people out of a particular place
What is a push factor
What is a pull factor
A reason for a person to leave their country
A reason for a person to enter a new country
what can a push and pull factor be for emmigration
Push- unemployment, economic recession, war, disease
Pull- opportunities, housing, peace, wages
what is the impact of migration on the size of the UK population
increase in population
Net migration is high- more immigrants than emmigrants.
Non uk mothers are having more births than UK mothers.
Immigration has been taking place since the 1900 - now. In 2001, what was the percentage of ethnic minority that made up the population
2001- 7.9% of the population was ethnic minority
what is net migration
difference between numbers immigrating and emigrating, expressed as a percentage.
What affect does migration directly and indirectly have on age structure
- direct affect
- indirect affect
immigration lowers the average age of population directly because immigrants are usually younger
Direct - 2011, average non uk passport holder was
31.
Indirect- the younger immigrants are more fertile m
therefore produce more babies.
how do immigrants affect the dependency ratio
Immigrants are working age when they arrive, therefore decrease the dependency ratio as they work.
However immigrants are producing babies, therefore more children increasing dependency ratio
Family Structure-
immigration causes an affect on family structure and creates more lone parent households
Lone parent- family member moves to UK alone, then when they are financially stable the other members of the family join
Family structure-
how do immigrants affect marriage
more diverse marriages
What are three more common family types due to immigration
lone parent- one parent
fictive- people who are treated like family. e.g. work partners living together
extended- NF and grandparents
what is the definition of globalisation
interdependence of people increasing across national boundaries.
E.g- social media, cheap flights, improved technology, effective transport
Globalisation and migration- What is acceleration
increasing rate of migration globally
Globalisation and Migration-
what is differentiation
globalisation is leading to super diversity (vertovec). Migrants are now from a wide range of different countries.
what is the globalisation of gender division labour
when female migrants feel they fit patriarchal stereotypes- sex work or carers
what are reasons for western country female immigrants to do care or domestic labour
- they feel they ned to fit stereotypes
- western men aren’t willing to do domestic work
-state don’t provide adequate childcare
