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Sociology-Families and Households > Demography > Flashcards

Demography Flashcards

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Sociology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Immigration

A

How many people enter the country from elsewhere.

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2
Q

Emigration

A

How many people leave the country to live elsewhere.

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3
Q

Birth rate

A

The number of live births per thousand of the population per year.

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4
Q

Births(1)

A

Long-term decline in the number of births since 1900.

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5
Q

Birth booms

A

3 ‘baby booms’ in the 20th century the first 2 came after the 2 world wars(1914-18 and 1939-45),returning serviceman and their partners started families that they had postponed.3 boom in the 1960s,1970 birth rate fell and rose and fell and rose by 2001

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6
Q

The total fertility rate(TFR)

A

Is the average number of children women will have during their fertile years.The Uk fertility has risen over the years BUT its still low

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7
Q

These changes in fertility and birth rates reflect that:

A

-More women are remaining childless than in the past.
-women are postponing having children=older women may be less fertile an have fewer fertile years remaining and so produce fewer children.

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8
Q

Reasons for the decline in the birth rate

A

1.Changes in women positions
2.Decline in the infant mortality rate
3.Children are now economic liability
4.Child centredness

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9
Q

1.Changes in women positions

A

-Increased educational opportunities-girls now do better at school then boys
-Changes in attitudes to family life and woman’s role
-Easier access to divorce
-Access to abortion and reliable contraception,giving women more control over their fertility
-More women in payed employment+laws outlawing unequal pay and sex discrimination

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10
Q

1.Changes in women positions-Sarah Harper

A

The education of women is the most important reason for the long-term fall in birth and fertility rates.Led to a change in the mindset among women,resulting in fewer children .Women now see other possibilities in life apart from the traditional role of housewife and mother.Many chose to delay childbearing or not have children at all .Smaller families are becoming the norm and bigger ones are less acceptable

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11
Q

2.Decline in the infant mortality rate-Harper

A

Harper argued a fall in IMR leads to a fall in BR.This is becasue if infants die parents have more children to replace those they have lost therefore increasing BR BUT if infants survive less parents will have more children.
-In 1900 the IMR for the UK was 154=15% of babies die within the first year

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12
Q

2.Decline in the infant mortality rate-

A

-Improved housing and better sanitation,clean drinking water,reduced infections-infants less developed,catch infections easier.
-A fall in the number of many married women working may have improved health and that of their babies
-better knowledge of hygiene,child health and welfare
-Better nutritions,better for mothers
-Improved services for mothers.

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12
Q

Brass and Kabir

A

argue that the trend to smaller families began not in rural where IMR first began to fall,but in urban area,where IMR remained higher for longer

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13
Q

3.Children are now economic liability

A

In the 19th century,children were economic assets to their parents because they could be send out to work from an early age to earn income.
LAWS:banning child labour,introducing compulsory schooling and raising the school leaving age mean that children remain economically dependent on their parents for longer.
CHANGING NORMS:about what children have right to expect from their parents in material terms mean that the cost of bringing up children has risen.

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14
Q

4.Child centredness

A

Childhood is now socially constructed as a uniquely important period in the individuals life.In terms of family size ,this has encouraged a shift from quantity to quality-parents now have fewer children and lavish more attention and resources on these few

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15
Q

The family

A

Smaller families mean that women are more likely to be free to go out to work,creates a dual burden earner couple typical of many professional families.HOWEVER,a family size is only one factor.
Better off couples may be able to have larger families and still afford childcare that allows them both to work full-time.

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16
Q

Future trends in BRs

A

BR,IMR and family size have fallen BUT there has been a slight increase in births since 2001
REASON:increase in immigration,cause in average,mothers from outside the UK have higgher fertility rate than those born in the UK=those babies accounted for 25% of the births

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17
Q

The dependency ratio

A

Is the relationship between the size of the working or productive part of the population and the size of non-working or dependent part population
-The earnings,savings and taxes of the working population must support the dependent population.Children make up a big part of that dependent population=a fall in the number of children reduces the burden of dependency on the working population
Longer term=fewer babies being born will mean fewer young adults and a smaller working population and so the burden of dependency increases again

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18
Q

The dependency ratio(vanishing children)

A

Falling IMR mean fewer children=childhood may become a lonelier experience as fewer children will have siblings and more childless adults may mean fewer voices speaking up in support of children interest BUT FEWER CHILDREN WOULD MEAN THEY BECAME MORE VALUED

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19
Q

Public services and policies

A

A lower BR has consequences for public services,fewer schools,maternity,child health services may be needed.Affects the cost of maternity and paternity leave and the types of housing that need to be built.HOWEVER they are political decisions-instead of reducing the number of schools,the gov could decide to have smaller class sizes.

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20
Q

An ageing population

A

Effect of women having fewer babies is that the average age of population is rising:there are more old people relative to young people.

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21
Q

Deaths

A

Is the number of deaths per thousand os the population

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22
Q

Reason for the decline in the death rate(Tranter)

A

Over 3/4 of the decline in the death rate from 1850 to 1970 was due to a fall in the number of deaths from infectious deseases such as smallpox,measles,tuberculosis etc.Common in young.
-1950s diseases of affluence-wealth,such as hearrt disese and cancers-effected middle age and old.

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23
Q

Improved nutrition(McKeown)

A

Argues improved nutrition accounted for 1/2 the reduction in death rates and important for reducing the number of deaths from TB.Better nutrition resistance to infection and increased the survival chances of those who did become infected.

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24
Q

McKeown evaluation

A

Doesnt explain why females who receive a smaller share of the family food supply lived longer than males.
Also doesnt explain why deaths from some infections diseases,such as measles and infant diarrhoea,actually rose at a time of improving nutrition.

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25
Q

Medical improvements

A

After 1950s,improved medical knowledge techniques and organisation did help to reduce death rates.Introduction of antibiotics,
immunisation,blood transfusion,improved maternity services,as well as NHS in 1948.Surgeries and other developments have reduced deaths of heart diseases

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26
Q

Smoking and diet

A

A reduction in the number of people smoking.Smokiing has been replaced by obesity which is the new lifestyle epidemic.eg in 2012 1/4 of all UK adults were obese.HOWEVER deaths from obesity have been kept low as a result of drug therapies

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27
Q

Public heath measures

A

Laws improving housing(less overcrowded accomadation,better ventilated etc),cleaner water,sewage disposal methods,laws to combat the adulteration of food and drink.Clean Air Acts reduced pollution

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28
Q

Other social changes

A

Reduced death rates
-Smaller families=reduced spread of infections
-The decline of dangerous manual occupations such as mining
-Higher incomes=healthier lifestyle
-Reduction of number of men that smoke=lifestyles changing
-public knowledge of the causes of illness

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29
Q

Smoking and diet(Harper)

A

Harper suggest that we may be moving to an American health culture where lifestyles are unhealthy but where a long lifespan is achieved by use of costly medication

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30
Q

Life expectancy

A

How long on average a person born in a given year can expect to live

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31
Q

Life expectancy(2)

A

Over the past 2 centuries.LE has increased by about 2 years per decade
-Males born in England in 1900 could expect on average to live until they were 50(female 57)
-Males born in England in 2013 can expect to live for 90.7 years(94 females)
Low average expectancy in 1900 cause infants and children didn’t survive beyond early years-if trend to greater longevity continues,Harper predicts we will soon achieve ‘radical longevity’ with many centarians.

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32
Q

Class,gender and regional differences(Walker)

A

Those living in the poorest areas of England die on average 7 yrs earlier than those in the richest areas.

33
Q

Class,gender and regional differences

A

-Women generally live longer than men
-North and Scotland have lower LE than those in South
-Wc men in unskilled or routine jobs are 3x as likely to die before 65 compared to men with precessional jobs

34
Q

The ageing population

A

The average age rose from 34.1 to 40.3 in the UK.

35
Q

Effects on ageing population

A

Increase caused by 3 factors
-Increasing life expectancy
-Declining infant morality
-Declining fertility

36
Q

Public services

A

-Older people consume a larger proportion of services such as health and social care than other groups
-Increased expenditure on health care
-AP may also mean changes to policies and provision of housing, transport/other services
-Avoid over-generalization as many old remain healthy

37
Q

One-pensioner households

A

Number of pensioners living alone has increased and one-pensioner households account for about 12.5%-most are women-live longer than men+younger than husbands

38
Q

The dependency ratio

A

The non-working old are economically dependent group who need to be provided for by those of working age-through taxation to pay for pensions and health care

39
Q

The dependency ratio(2)

A

-Number of retired increases this increases the dependency ratio and the burden on the working population.
-Old doesn’t necessarily equal economically dependent-the age people can draw their pensions is rising for both men and women-they will have to wait till 66 to access state pension, rising to 67 from 2026
-Increase in AP-decrease in dependent children

40
Q

Ageism

A

The negative stereotyping and unequal treatment of people on the basis of their age.

41
Q

Ageism(2)

A

In modern society AP has caused increase in ageism.Ageism is shown in many ways towards older people,such as discrimination in employment and unequal treatment in health care

42
Q

Modern society and old age

A

Sociologist argue that ageism is a result of structured dependency.
-The old are excluded,leaving them economically dependent on their families or the state.
-IN MODERN society are status are determined by our role in production-those excluded from production by compulsory retirement have a dependent status.
-Fixed series of stages-ages become important in role allocation creating fixed life cycles and age related identities-old excluded from labour,made dependent

43
Q

Postmodern society and old age

A

Children dressing in adult styles,later marriages and early retirement all effect the stages of life.Gives individuals a great choice of lifestyle
-Consumption not production becomes key to our identity-define ourselves by what we consume
-old became a market for a vast range of body maintenance of goods and services through which we create our identities-including cosmetic surgery,gym memberships,anti ageing products etc

44
Q

Inequality among the old(Pilcher)

A

Argues inequalities such as class and gender remain the same
-Class:The MC have better occupational pensions +savings from higher salaries.Poor have shorter life expectancy and suffer more infirmity=age quicker
-Gender:Women subjects to sexist as well as ageist stereotyping -old hags-and lower earnings ,lower pensioners

45
Q

Policy implications(Hirsch)

A

Argues that policies need to change as to tackle the new problems imposed by ageing population.But also a change in our culture in our attitudes towards old age-old is social construct

46
Q

Phillpson(Marxist)

A

Argues that the old are no longer used for capitalism as they are unproductive=the state is unwilling to support them so the family(especially female relatives),often has to take responsibility for their care

47
Q

Postmodern society and old age(Hunt)

A

Argue we can chose our lifestyle and identity no matter the age-age no longer determines our lifestyle and who we are
-= old became a market for cosmetic surgery,anti ageing creams basically goods and services that create their identities

48
Q

Postmodern society and old age(the centrality of the media)

A

media images now portrays positive aspects of the lifestyles of the elderly

49
Q

Postmodern society and old age(the emphasis on the surface features)

A

anti-ageing products enable the old to write diff identities for themselves

50
Q

inequality among the old

A

These structures are related to the wider society and therefore shape the experience of old age -restricting their freedom to choose an identity through their consumption

51
Q

Policy implications

A

Housing policy may need to change to encourage older people to switch to accommodations-free up housing for youngers

52
Q

Migration(define)

A

refers to the movement of people from place to place

53
Q

Immigration(define)

A

refers to the movement into society

54
Q

Emigration(define)

A

refers to the movement out

54
Q

net migration(define)

A

difference between the numbers of immigrants and the number of emigrants

55
Q

Different types of migration

A

-Immigration
-Emigration
-Net migration

56
Q

Immigration patterns in the UK

A

-From the 1900 to ww2 most immigrants were irish, Eastern European Jews and refuges-fleeing persecution
-In the 1950s black immigrants from the Caribbean began to arrive in the Uk and other Asia and East Africans later
-Consequence is that this made a diverse society, they were 14% of the population by 2011
-HOWEVER more people left the uk than entered and most immigrants were white

57
Q

Emigration in the UK and reasons

A

-There have been emigrants since 1900 going to the US, Canada, Australia, South Africa etc
-Push factors: economic recession and unemployment at home
-Pull factors: Higher wages or better opportunities
-There is also political, religious or racial persecution

58
Q

Immigration and nationality acts from 1962 to 1900 placed severe restrictions

A

-on non-white immigration
-1980s non-whites accounted for little more than a quarter of all immigrants
-White countries of the European union became the main source of settlers in the uk

59
Q

impact of migration in the UK (Population size)-the uk population is currently growing,partly as a result of immigration

A

-immigration and migration increased
-Population since has increased because of immigration
-Net migration is high, over 500,000 immigrants than emigrants at over 300,000
-Natural increase, there are more births than deaths (reasons) but they are still low

60
Q

Impact of migration in the UK (Age structure)

A

-Immigration lowers the average age of the population both directly and directly
-Directly: Immigrants are generally younger, in 2011 the average age of a UK passport holders was 41 but the average non UK passport holder was 31
-In directly: younger immigrants are fertile and have more babies

60
Q

Impact of migration in the UK (Dependency ratio)-immigration has 3 effects

A

-Immigrants are more likely to be of working age so it lowers the dependency ratio, older migrants go to their countries of origin to retire
-Immigrants are younger so they have more children, which increases the dependency ratio, but they will end up working which lowers the ration again as they grow up
-The longer they stay in the country the closer their fertility becomes to the national average reducing the overall dependency ratio.

61
Q

Globalisation definition

A

-It is the idea that barriers between societies are disappearing and people are becoming increasingly interconnected across national boundaries
-It comes from, growth of communication systems and global media, creation of global markets, the fall of communism and the expansion of the EU

62
Q

Acceleration of migration

A

-There has been an increase in migration
-According to the United nations (2013) between 2000 and 2013 international migration increased by 33%

63
Q

Feminisation of migration (Ehrenreich and Hochschild 2003)

A

-Before migrants were men, now they are women-called the globalisation of gender division of labour
-females migrants found that they were fitted into patriarchal stereotypes about women’s roles as carers or provide sexual services
-They observed that Care work, domestic work and sex work in West counties is done by women in poor countries.This is a result of several trends:
a.)western men remain unwilling to perform domestic labour
b.)the expansion of service occupations(employ women) has led to an increase demand for female labour
c.)Western women are doing more professional jobs and less willing/able to perform domestic labour
d.)The failure of the state to provide childcare

64
Q

Isabel Shutes (2011) and migrant nurses

A

-the resulting gap has been partly filled by women from poor countries
-she reports 40% of adult care nurses in the UK are migrants, most are female
-Migrant women also enter western countries as ‘mail order brides’, this reflects gendered and racialised stereotypes e.g.oriental women as subservient
-women migrants also enter the uk as illegally trafficked sex workers and treated as slaves

65
Q

migrant identities

A

-We have different sources of identity, family, friends, neighbourhood, ethnicity, religion, nationality give us a sense of belonging and who we are
-For migrants their country can be their identity

66
Q

Migrants, hybrid identities and Eade (1994)

A

Migrants may develop hybrid identities made up of two different sources
-Second generation Bangladeshi Muslims in Britain created hierarchal identities, they saw themselves as Muslim, being alien then British
-Others may challenge their identity

67
Q

Different types of migrants

A

-Permanent settlers, temporary workers, spouses, forced migrants like refugees and asylum seekers
-Globalisation increases migrants, e.g. Most are young students etc.

68
Q

Vertovec (2007) and super diversity

A

-Migrants now come from a wider range of countries
-Even in one ethnic group, individuals have different legal status, they can be divided by culture or religion

69
Q

Cohen and the three different types of migrants

A

-Citizens: With full rights (Voting and benefits) its hard for immigrants to get these since the 1970s
-Denizens: Privileged foreign nationals welcomed by the state e.g. High paid employees from multinational countries
-Helots: basically slaves, the state thinks they are disposable units of labour power, they do unskilled poorly paid workers (Domestic employers)

70
Q

Transnational identities and Eriksen (2007)

A

-Globalisation has created more diverse migration patterns
-So immigrants are less likely to see themselves as belonging to one culture or country, they may have transnational identities and loyalty
-Modern technology also makes it possible to have global ties without having to travel
-Globalised economy means migrants can link to other migrants around the world

71
Q

The politicisation of migration

A

-There are more migrants so it is an important political issue, so they want to control immigration and deal with increasing cultural diversity

71
Q

Eriksen (2007) example of Chinese migrants

A

-They were in Rome but they found mandarin more useful than Italian because it was important for their global connections with Chinese people in other countries so they may be less likely to desire assimilation into their host culture

72
Q

Assimilationism policy

A

-This was to encourage immigrants to adopt the language, values and customs of the host culture
-assimilations policies face the problem that translational migrants with hybrid identities people may not be willing to abandon their culture or see themselves as belonging to one state

72
Q

Multiculturalism polices and Eriksen

A

-Accept that migrants want a separate identity
-Shallow diversity: regarding chicken tikka masala as Britain’s national dish
-Deep diversity: arranged marriages which is no acceptable
-Multicultural education polices show shallow diversity and ignore deeper problems like racism

73
Q

Move towards multiculturalism and 9/11

A

-There was a move towards multiculturalism in the 1960s but since 9/11 in 2001 many politicians want migrants to assimilate culturally, like in France, veiling of the face in public is illegal from 2010

74
Q

Castles (2000) assimilationist policies being counter productive

A

-They mark out minority groups as culturally backward so they may respond by emphasising their difference e.g. Islamic fundamentalism
-This makes the host more suspicious of them and may cause anti terrorism polices that target them
-This makes more marginalisation and doesn’t assimilate at all

75
Q

Divided working class and assimilation- Castles and Kosack (1973)

A

-Assimilationist ideas may encourage workers to blame migrants for social problems like unemployment causing racist scapegoating
-Castles and Kosack (1973) this helps capitalism because it divides the w/c so they cannot unite and take down capitalism

76
Q

Push & Pull Factors of Migration

A

Push Factors
- Lack of Services
- Natural Disasters
- Poor Farming
- Poor Housing
- Unemployment
- War
- Political Conflict

Pull Factors
- Educational Services
- Health Care
- Housing
- Jobs
- Areas free of Hazard
- Freedom of Speech

Sociology-Families and Households (4 decks)

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