Demography

Question 1

Demography

Answer 1

The study of populations and their characteristics

Question 2

Birth rates

Answer 2

How many babies are born per 1000 of the population within a year

Question 3

When did the birth rate start to decline

Answer 3

1900

Question 4

Which factors determine the number of births per year

Answer 4

Proportion of women who are of childbearing age (15-44)
How fertile they are

Question 5

What reasons are there for the lower total fertility rate

Answer 5

More Uk women remain childless
Postponing children until later in life

Question 6

What reasons are there for the lower total fertility rate

Answer 6

More uk born women are remaining childless
Postponing children until later in life

Question 7

What does it mean to be an economic liability

Answer 7

Children cost money

Question 8

What changes in society mean children remain economically dependent on their parents for longer

Answer 8

Children no long work- stay at family home
School leaving age raised
Introduced compulsory school

Question 9

Infant mortality rate

Answer 9

The number of infants who die before their first bday per 1000 babies born alive per year

Question 10

How does a fall in IMR lead to a fall in BR

Answer 10

If infants survive parents have fewer children as they don’t need to replace them

Question 11

Reasons for a fall in the UKs IMR

Answer 11

Improved sanitation and housing
Better nutrition
Improved services

Question 12

what was the IMR in the Uk in 2012

Answer 12

4

Question 13

Reasons why the change in the position of women has affected BRs

Answer 13

Women choose to remain childless or have them later in life so they can focus on their careers
Legal equality with men

Question 14

What aspects of society have been affected by the changes in fertility

Answer 14

Family, dependency ratio, public services and policies

Question 15

Why might childhood become a lonelier experience

Answer 15

Falling fertility rates mean fewer children which results in fewer siblings

Question 16

What is the dependency ratio

Answer 16

The relationship between the size of the working part of the population and the size of the non working part of the population

Question 17

What does burden of dependency mean

Answer 17

The earnings, savings and taxes of the working population must support the dependent population

Question 18

Harper on changing position of women

Answer 18

The education of women is the most important reason for the fall in birth and fertility rates. It has led to a change in mindset among women resulting in fewer children.
Once a pattern of low fertility lasts for more than one generation, cultural norms about family size change

Question 19

Brass and Kabir

Answer 19

The trend to smaller families began in urban areas but the IMR first began to fall in rural areas

Question 20

Tranter

Answer 20

Over three quarters of the decline in death rate from 1850-1970 were due to a fall in the number of deaths from infectious diseases. Deaths from infectious diseases were commonest in the young

Question 21

Mckeown

Answer 21

Improved nutrition accounted for up to half the reduction in the death rate
Better nutrition increased resistance to infection

Question 22

Harper on smoking

Answer 22

The greatest fall in death rate in recent decades comes for a reduction in the people smoking
Obesity has replaced smoking as the new lifestyle epidemic
We may be moving to an ‘American’ health culture

Question 23

Life expectancy

Answer 23

How long on average a person born in a given year is expected to live
As death rates have fallen life expectancy has increased

Question 24

Ageing population

Answer 24

Fewer young people than elderly people in the population

Question 25

Single person pensioner households

Answer 25

Number of pensioners living alone has increased (1 in 8 households)
Most of these are female because women generally live longer than men
This has been described as the feminisation of later life as there is an increase in feminine products

Question 26

Changes in family structure

Answer 26

There is an increase in extended families due to increased life expectancy
With people living longer there are increases in multi-generational and bean pope families

Question 27

Ageism

Answer 27

Negative stereotyping and unequal treatment of people based on their age

Question 28

Phillipson

Answer 28

The old are no use to capitalism because they are no longer productive
As a result the state is unwilling to support them adequately and so the family often takes responsibility of their care

Question 29

Immigration

Answer 29

1950s black immigrants from the Caribbean began to settle in the uk making it more ethically diverse