demography

Question 1

The birth rate in 1970 compared to 2018

Answer 1

18.3 to 11

decreasing

Question 2

the fertility rate in 1970 compared to 2018

Answer 2

around 3 to 1.8
decrease

the fertility rate is the amount of children easch women would have on average

Question 3

reasons for the decline in the Birth rate

Answer 3

• women’s position in society changing more likely to aspire to a career before children
• children now for economically liable (250,000 by 21)
• childhood more socially constructed (quality over quantity)
• advancemetns in contraception

Question 4

Harper on declining birth rates

Answer 4

• education most important reason in declining birth rates
• mothers don’t feel the need to replace children who have passed away anymore
• and they have a higher position in society (sue sharpe’s study)

Question 5

harper on decline of IMR

Answer 5

the birth rate has dropped because the drop in the IMR means that people no longer need to keep replacing children who have died so women are having fewer children who are living longer

Question 6

critcism of harper on decline of IMR

Answer 6

brass and kabir: tred towards smaller families didnt happen with the rurual families where IMR droped first but inthe families in the urban areas wehre IMR remined high for a long time

Question 7

reasons for the drop in IMR

Answer 7

• NHS
• immunisation
• midwifery
• cleaner, sterile births

harper- due to this birth rate has increased and IMR has dropped

Question 8

there has been a recent increase in the birth rate. why?

Answer 8

increase in immigration because on average mothers from outside the UK have higher fertility rates

babies born to mothers from outside the UK accounted for 25% of all births in 2011

Question 9

what are the effects of declining fertility?

Answer 9

• smaller family sizes with duel earner parents
• less children eases the burden of dependency on the working population
• less gov expenditure on schools and maternity services

Question 10

Mckeown on why the death rate has declined

Answer 10

improved nutrition: accounted for up to 1/2 the reduction in death rates as better nutrition = better resistance to infection

particularly important for reducing TB

Question 11

criticisms of mckeown

Answer 11

doesnt explain why women usually eat less than their family but live longer

doesnt explain why dideases like mealses are still high despite better understanding of nutruion and diet

Question 12

other reasons for longer life expenctancy

Answer 12

• public health services like nhs have 1/3 risk of dying for heart disease
• clean air acts helping pollution after the smog killed 4,000

Question 13

harper on the impact of longer life expectancy

Answer 13

we will soon reach ‘radical longevity’ where the amount of people living to over 100 by 2100 will be a million

Question 14

the postmodern view of the aging population increasing

Answer 14

• consumerist products help people reduce signs of aging

age is a social construct and constrains old people

Question 15

How has the aging population changed over the last 100 years

Answer 15

• huge increase to 1/6 people being over 65

Question 16

implications of an aging population

Answer 16

• public services are overused
• one person pensioner households increasing 1/8 of all households
  higher dependency ration

Question 17

modernist Marxist view on age in society

Answer 17

old age people no longer useful in benefitting capitalism so the state is no longer able to financially support them

Question 18

postmodernism (Hunt)

Answer 18

we can choose identity and lifestyle regardless of age

aging populaiton become the market for rejuvating procurts and cosmetic surgery that undermine the concept of ‘old age’

Question 19

inequalities of old age pilcher

Answer 19

class and gender makes old age very different

• MC have better occupational pensions so can affrod to look after themselves better and this live longer
• women have lower pensions

Question 20

1962 commonwealth immigration acts

Answer 20

ended the automatic right of people of the commonwealth to live in the UK

Question 21

1999 immigrations and assylum act

Answer 21

restricted amount of assylum seekers

Question 22

two factors causing migration to the UK

Answer 22

push factors: unemployment and recession
unemployment in european countries (spanish youth employment is at 50%)

pull factors: higher wages/ betters opporutunies in the UK

Question 23

impact of migration on population size

Answer 23

• larger population size
• initially balances the dependancy ratio but more chldren means inbalence in future aging population

young migration for university and jobs may be temporary however

Question 24

positives of migration

Answer 24

• dependency ratio balanced as most are young and join the workforce
• polish to England immigration is high and usually have big families

Question 25

why do women make up 1/2 of all global migrants

Answer 25

• increase in service occupation leads to demand for female labor
• women want to work not just have a family
• wanting a better future for children or to get away from domestic violence

Question 26

what percentage of adult care nurses are migrants in the UK?

Answer 26

40%

Question 27

effect of globalisation on imigration: differentiation

Answer 27

• studnets more Chinese born than UK born post grad students in 2014
• assylum seeker
• illegal immigrants
• worker and settlers

Question 28

effects of globalisation on immigration:

Answer 28

• acceleration- between 200-2013 international immigrants increased 33%
• types of migrants:
• citizens: full citizenship and voting rights
• dencitizen: privlliged foreign nationals
• helots- slaves essentially 4 cheap labour