demography Flashcards
The birth rate in 1970 compared to 2018
18.3 to 11
decreasing
the fertility rate in 1970 compared to 2018
around 3 to 1.8
decrease
the fertility rate is the amount of children easch women would have on average
reasons for the decline in the Birth rate
- women’s position in society changing more likely to aspire to a career before children
- children now for economically liable (250,000 by 21)
- childhood more socially constructed (quality over quantity)
- advancemetns in contraception
Harper on declining birth rates
- education most important reason in declining birth rates
- mothers don’t feel the need to replace children who have passed away anymore
- and they have a higher position in society (sue sharpe’s study)
harper on decline of IMR
the birth rate has dropped because the drop in the IMR means that people no longer need to keep replacing children who have died so women are having fewer children who are living longer
critcism of harper on decline of IMR
brass and kabir: tred towards smaller families didnt happen with the rurual families where IMR droped first but inthe families in the urban areas wehre IMR remined high for a long time
reasons for the drop in IMR
- NHS
- immunisation
- midwifery
- cleaner, sterile births
harper- due to this birth rate has increased and IMR has dropped
there has been a recent increase in the birth rate. why?
increase in immigration because on average mothers from outside the UK have higher fertility rates
babies born to mothers from outside the UK accounted for 25% of all births in 2011
what are the effects of declining fertility?
- smaller family sizes with duel earner parents
- less children eases the burden of dependency on the working population
- less gov expenditure on schools and maternity services
Mckeown on why the death rate has declined
improved nutrition: accounted for up to 1/2 the reduction in death rates as better nutrition = better resistance to infection
particularly important for reducing TB
criticisms of mckeown
doesnt explain why women usually eat less than their family but live longer
doesnt explain why dideases like mealses are still high despite better understanding of nutruion and diet
other reasons for longer life expenctancy
- public health services like nhs have 1/3 risk of dying for heart disease
- clean air acts helping pollution after the smog killed 4,000
harper on the impact of longer life expectancy
we will soon reach ‘radical longevity’ where the amount of people living to over 100 by 2100 will be a million
the postmodern view of the aging population increasing
- consumerist products help people reduce signs of aging
age is a social construct and constrains old people
How has the aging population changed over the last 100 years
- huge increase to 1/6 people being over 65
implications of an aging population
- public services are overused
- one person pensioner households increasing 1/8 of all households
higher dependency ration
modernist Marxist view on age in society
old age people no longer useful in benefitting capitalism so the state is no longer able to financially support them
postmodernism (Hunt)
we can choose identity and lifestyle regardless of age
aging populaiton become the market for rejuvating procurts and cosmetic surgery that undermine the concept of ‘old age’
inequalities of old age pilcher
class and gender makes old age very different
- MC have better occupational pensions so can affrod to look after themselves better and this live longer
- women have lower pensions
1962 commonwealth immigration acts
ended the automatic right of people of the commonwealth to live in the UK
1999 immigrations and assylum act
restricted amount of assylum seekers
two factors causing migration to the UK
push factors: unemployment and recession
unemployment in european countries (spanish youth employment is at 50%)
pull factors: higher wages/ betters opporutunies in the UK
impact of migration on population size
- larger population size
- initially balances the dependancy ratio but more chldren means inbalence in future aging population
young migration for university and jobs may be temporary however
positives of migration
- dependency ratio balanced as most are young and join the workforce
- polish to England immigration is high and usually have big families
why do women make up 1/2 of all global migrants
- increase in service occupation leads to demand for female labor
- women want to work not just have a family
- wanting a better future for children or to get away from domestic violence
what percentage of adult care nurses are migrants in the UK?
40%
effect of globalisation on imigration: differentiation
- studnets more Chinese born than UK born post grad students in 2014
- assylum seeker
- illegal immigrants
- worker and settlers
effects of globalisation on immigration:
- acceleration- between 200-2013 international immigrants increased 33%
- types of migrants:
- citizens: full citizenship and voting rights
- dencitizen: privlliged foreign nationals
- helots- slaves essentially 4 cheap labour
