Demography

Question 1

Reasons for decline in birth and fertility rates

Answer 1

Changing position of women in society
Decline in infant mortality rate
Cost of having children
Growth of child cent-redness

Question 2

Changing position of women in society

Answer 2

Society has undergone a gender quake and there has been the feminisation of the economy due to the decline in industry and manual jobs
There are more protections eg equal pay and sex discrimination act so women pursue employment and children later
Average first time mother is 29 (23 in the 60’s)
Since 1967 reduction in likelihood of unplanned pregnancies
Voluntary childlessness - 20% there is less stigma

Question 3

Changing position of women evaluation

Answer 3

Many women still give up their careers to have children whilst there husbands work suggesting little has changed
There are still lots of women who have children early and lots of them
Childless women are still questioned on when they will have children

Question 4

Decline in infant mortality rates

Answer 4

March of progress :
Until the end of the 19th century IMR were extremely high
Accidents in the workplace were common with children undertaking life risking jobs
At the end of the 19th century laws prevented children from working in dangerous jobs
Also since 1948 saw childhood vaccination programmes which reduce illness meaning more children live in to adult life
In the past people would have lots of children as an insurance policy
However as IMR is low risk , parents only have 1 or 2 children

Question 5

Evaluation of decline in infant mortality rates

Answer 5

In the past parents didn’t have the education and knowledge about reproduction
Its very unlikely that parents actively consider the IMR

Question 6

The cost of having children

Answer 6

March of progress
In the past children were an economic asset however following child employment laws and compulsory education , children have stopped being mini adults and have become an economic burden instead
Children expectations have increased : Pugh pester power
With the age of compulsory ed being raised in 2015 , young people are financially dependent for longer
Many parents simply cannot afford to have more children

Question 7

Evaluation of the cost of having children

Answer 7

Those from low income families tend to have more children

There are child welfare services that families have access to so finance isn’t a major factor

Question 8

Growth of child centred ness

Answer 8

March of progress : Cunningham
By the mid 1900’ British families have become child centred - kids are seen as vulnerable and need nurturing
In the past children were to be seen and not heard nowadays they have a voice
Parents deliberately have fewer children to ensure their children are their priority .
This allows them to pay more attention and spend more money on them

Question 9

Evaluation of growth of child centred ness

Answer 9

It is a consequence of fewer children rather than a cause , child centred ness doesn’t influence how many children someone will have
There are practical reasons why parents have less children

Question 10

Effects of lower birth rates on families and society

Answer 10

Smaller family sizes
Impact on the dependancy ratio
impact on policies and public services

Question 11

Smaller family sizes

Answer 11

In the 90’ 2-3 children was the norm
Now 1-2 ism the norm
Also contributes to the formation of the beanpole family (multiple small generations alive at the same time)
Created with a combination of fewer children n/f older people living longer

Question 12

Positive and negative evaluation of smaller family sizes

Answer 12

Positive :
financial benefit as expenses are reduced
Allows families to have close bonds

Negative :
Can be connected to loneliness as children
More pressure to support one another

Question 13

Impact on the dependancy ratio

Answer 13

Refers to the no. of people who are in paid employment vs those who are not
Children are included in the dependent population .
Short term : lower brith rates means there are less who are dependant
Long term : fewer babies means less workers for the future

Question 14

Positive and negative evaluation of impact on the dependancy ratio

Answer 14

Positive : in the short term fewer children means less of a burden on the independent population
Negative : less future workers so less taxes

Question 15

Impact on public services

Answer 15

Families are entitled to child benefits
£20.7 for their eldest and £13.7 for any others
Children are legally required to stay in education to 18 which is free of charge
Healthcare programmes are targeted at children eg vaccinations

Question 16

Positive and negative evaluation of the impact on public services

Answer 16

Positive : reduces financial burden on the family
Negative : birth rates still fluctuate and if funding is cut and birth rates rise then the quality of service will be poorer

Question 17

Reasons for increased life expectancy

Answer 17

Improved nutrition
Public health measures
medical improvements
better lifestyles and fewer bad habits

Question 18

Improved nutrition

Answer 18

Cultural sociologists :
People have a better awareness of healthy choices and diets
Schemes such as slimming world and change for life have lead to people having healthier diets
2005 Jamie Oliver ensured school children received healthier school meals
2018 sugar tax was introduced .
Healthier diets mean people are able to fight off diseases easier

Question 19

Evaluation of improved nutrition

Answer 19

Our poor nutrition means some life expectancies are lower due to health conditions eg diabetes
Lost of evidence suggests nutrition is not improving eg we have one of the highest obesity rates

Question 20

Medical improvements

Answer 20

Vaccination programmes have lead to herd immunisation against TB and measles
Major killers of the past nowadays have very little impact
Treatment has improved eg surgeries have improved massively
Diagnosis and screening has improved with scans leading to higher and earlier detections of diseases and therefore better treatments

Question 21

Evaluation of medical improvements

Answer 21

The majority of people will go through their adult life without needing medical intervention suggesting that that is not the reason for increased life expectancy
Death rates of TB fell before mass vaccinations schemes took place

Question 22

Public health measures

Answer 22

Non medical interventions and adjustments
1930’s slum clearance in Britain - poor quality housing was torn down and rebuilt helping reduce health issues
1956 clean air act strived to reduce respiratory illnesses for people
Over time people have acknowledged the importance of basic hand washing and hygiene which reduces the spread of diseases
100% of UK properties have access to clean water
Better understanding has resulted in a rise in the life expectancy

Question 23

Evaluation of public health measures

Answer 23

Some diseases do require medical intervention eg measles

Public health measures alone are not enough to slow the spread of diseases

Question 24

Better lifestyles and fewer bad habits

Answer 24

Cultural sociologist
People generally life better lifestyles today eg engage in physical activity
Change 4 life is raising awareness
Growth in national challenges such as couch to 5k offer motivation and helps build up immune systems
Decline in bad habits such as the number of smokers and alcohol consumption
Likely to reduce the chances of a premature death

Question 25

Evaluation of better lifestyles and fewer bad habits

Answer 25

Emergence of new bad habits eg smart phone addictions which contribute to bad mental and physical health More people own cars now so are less active

Question 26

Effects of increased life expectancy on families and society (4 theories)

Answer 26

Impact on policies and services increase in one person pensioner households impact on the dependancy ratio return of the extended family

Question 27

Impact on policies and services (Longer life expectancy)

Answer 27

British people are entitled to a state pension and from 60 a free bus pass Older people are also huge NHS users Community services are often available eg home help to meals on wheels The cost and demand is largely determined by the life expectancy and the no. of people living as part of the older generation

Question 28

Positive and negative evaluation of impact on policies and services

Answer 28

Positive - the growth in the care sector has provided more jobs and opportunities Negative - financial burden , these services are expensive to run

Question 29

Increase in one person pensioner households

Answer 29

Women often outlive their spouses 48% of people over 65 currently live alone Older people will often have experiences the empty nest process years earlier As people live longer the time period they live alone is getting longer

Question 30

Positive and negative evaluation of increase in one pensioner households

Answer 30

Positive - indicates improvements and health also suggests that people are living independently for longer Negative - concerns about loneliness Health and safety risks of the vulnerable elderly people

Question 31

Impact on the dependancy ratio (increased life expectancy)

Answer 31

The ratio between those who work and don't Retired people are classed as part of the dependency population As the elderly generation grows , the size of the dependant population does as well

Question 32

Evaluation of the impact on the dependancy ratio

Answer 32

positive - The government keeps increasing the retiring age so the strain on the Independent population is weakened Negative - We may see a shrink in the working population

Question 33

The return of the extended family

Answer 33

As people live longer there has been a resurgence in the extended family Many experience the modified extended family where connections are maintained through technology Older people are referred to as silver surfers for their technological abilities Also a rise in the beanpole family

Question 34

Evaluation of the return of the extended family

Answer 34

Positive - children can form better relationships with there grandparents negative - Pressure on some families to provide care to elderly parents eg pivot generation

Question 35

Changes to old age

Answer 35

Marxism Inequalities between older people Old people suffer discrimination Old people suffer mistreatment from public services

Question 36

Marxism : changes to old age

Answer 36

Since the emergence of modern industrial society , older people are regarded as a burden Structured dependancy older people are of no productive use They are perceived as dispensable as they are no use to society

Question 37

Post modern views on changes to old age

Answer 37

Older people remain more economical active than in the past - jobs are less manual Rise in individualism eg no longer expected to conform to an image based on their age

Question 38

Inequalities exist between older people

Answer 38

Class inequalities eg wc are more likely to suffer from poor health conditions especially wc men Gender inequalities eg feminists argue that society objectifies women and values them for their looks and older women are considered as no longer pleasing to the eye

Question 39

Old people suffer discrimination

Answer 39

Overlooked for employment opportunities due to age Discriminated financially eg car insurance becomes more expensive Social discrimination - often targeted by criminals for being more vulnerable

Question 40

Older people suffer mistreatment by public services

Answer 40

Age UK has raised concerns over treatment Lots of elderly people have do not resuscitate orders without their consent - death isn't always imminent Often denied treatments such as heart surgery Concerns about abuse in care homes

Question 41

Influence on migration trends

Answer 41

Globalisation push and pull factors immigration policy and border controls

Question 42

Globalisation

Answer 42

Growing interconnectedness between countries due to trade links , transport and communication technology Legal migration : very common for businesses to operate around the world so people often travel for that , people with medical qualifications migrate to other countries where they are recognised. International travel is cheaper and more accessible to a range of people Illegal migration : trafficking gangs are in operation and transport links have made it easier to smuggle people . This is hugely risky

Question 43

Evaluation of globalisation

Answer 43

Illegal migration rarely succeeds and most people are deported Globalisation doesn't give everyone the opportunity to migrate freely

Question 44

Push and pull factors

Answer 44

Push factors - drive a person out of their country eg poverty and discrimination Pull factors - attract a person to a country eg education and standards of living

Question 45

Evaluation of push and pull factors

Answer 45

The UK has adopted a tough stance on immigration making it less desirable Jobs that used to attract migrants to the UK are now available across the globe

Question 46

Immigration policy and border controls

Answer 46

Due to Brexit , freedom of movement is limited and there is less migration Countries can dictate what income and qualifications are needed Strict criteria to claim asylum eg in 2019 42% of asylum claims were rejected

Question 47

Evaluation of border controls

Answer 47

Border controls don't always limit illegal migration | Some argue border policies have disadvantaged UK citizens to gain employments abroad eg Brexit debacle

Question 48

Impact on population growth (migration)

Answer 48

migration contributes to population growth more than natural changes 56% of population growth in the last 30 years was due to migration Statistically women from a migrant background have more children than British born women

Question 49

Effects of migration on families and society in the UK

Answer 49

Impact on population growth Impact on dependancy ratio Cultural diversity

Question 50

Evaluation of impact on population growth | Positive and negative

Answer 50

Positive - If its weren't for migration the UKs population would shrink Negative - Some argue GB is overpopulated and that there is already a lack of jobs and housing

Question 51

Impact on dependency ratio (migration)

Answer 51

Migrants tend to be younger and want employment as soon as they arrive Migrant families tend to be larger with more children (dependent) Common for migrants to return home for retirement

Question 52

Positive and negative evaluation of the impact on the dependency ratio

Answer 52

Positive - Majority of migrants are of working age so contribute with taxes which can fund the dependent population Negative - Migrant families have mire children increasing the dependency population

Question 53

Cultural diversity

Answer 53

Shallow diversity : superficial differences which immigration brings to the UK eg food and fashions This is celebrated and regarded as enriching to society Deep diversity : significant differences and norms between British born and migrants eg religious values This is less likely to be embraced Single parenthood is common in Black families Asian women tend to marry younger and have more children also more likely to live in extended family units

Question 54

Evaluation of cultural diversity positive and negative

Answer 54

Positive - cultural diversity enriches society and builds greater tolerance negative - Can create tensions and has lead to the decline in traditional British values

Question 55

Impact of migration on immigrants themselves

Answer 55

feminisation of migration | Migrant identities

Question 56

Feminisation of migration

Answer 56

50/50 split on migrants Most female migrants pursue typically feminine jobs eg nannies and beauticians often taking low paid jobs that British women don't want to do Dark side : women are more vulnerable to trafficking and getting sold in to prostitution Since 2013 raids on a. number of nail bars acting as a front for prostitution

Question 57

Positive and negative effects of feminisation of migration

Answer 57

positive - women may find more opportunities and freedom than at their home nation Negative - female migrants are more vulnerable to exploitation

Question 58

Migrant identities

Answer 58

3 types of identities : Hybrid : where the individual fully embraces their host nation whilst still being proud of the country of their origin eg Brasian Transubnational : where they do not feel part of any one country Hierarchical : where they see one part of their national identity as more important than the rest

Question 59

Evaluation pf migrant identities | Positive and negative

Answer 59

Positive : people can embrace new cultures as well as retaining their heritage giving them the best of both worlds Negative : hierarchical identities can lead to conflict

Question 60

Impact of migration on policy development (approaches)

Answer 60

Two different approaches : Assimilation - where the government ensures that migrants integrate themselves fully in to the host country France takes this approach with the banning of face veils Multiculturalism- host nation embraces the culture of minority groups eg British schools are encouraged to celebrate minority festivals .