democracy & non-democratic regimes

Question 1

what are the two dimensions of democracy?

Answer 1

1. contestation 2. inclusiveness

Question 2

who founded the two dimensions of democracy?

Answer 2

robert dahl

Question 3

what does contestation in the two dimensions of democracy mean?

Answer 3

to what extent is the competition, and can the population express opinions

Question 4

what does inclusiveness in the two dimensions of democracy mean?

Answer 4

the proportion of the population that’s entitled to participate.

Question 5

democracies aren’t self-evident… (4)

Answer 5

1. they vary in quality
2. has democratic alternatives
3. comes in waves
4. has non-democratic alternatives

Question 6

deliberative democracy

Answer 6

a consensus needs to be reached in order to make decisions

Question 7

when was the first wave of democratization?

Answer 7

1828-1926

Question 8

which countries were a part of the first wave of democratization?

Answer 8

britain, france, us

Question 9

what characterizes the first wave of democratization?

Answer 9

slow and sequential character - based on gradual extension of principles into the political system.

Question 10

when was the second wave of democratization?

Answer 10

1934-1964

Question 11

which countries were a part of the second wave of democratization?

Answer 11

India, japan

Question 12

what characterizes the second wave of democratization?

Answer 12

post war reconstruction, decolonization

political parties played a key role (leading instruments of democracy)

Question 13

when did the third wave of democratization start?

Answer 13

1974

Question 14

which countries were in the third wave of democratization?

Answer 14

countries in latin america, africa, eastern europe

Question 15

what characterized the third wave of democratization?

Answer 15

• the fall of the berlin wall

- optimism about the prospect of democracy

Question 16

3 characteristics of non-democratic regimes

Answer 16

1. rulers aren’t selected in competitive processes
2. rulers aren’t accountable to citizens
3. ruler’s aren’t subject to rule of law and constitutional constraints

Question 17

what are the differences between non-democratic regimes (by juan linz)? (3)

Answer 17

1. degree of pluralism (means used to gain support)
2. type of mobilization (military parades?)
3. type of leadership (unpredictability, source of authority)

Question 18

3 core characteristics of neo-patrimonial (sultanistic) regimes

Answer 18

1. based on personalistic type of leadership
2. no extensive mobilization
3. some pluralism but subject to despotic intervention

Question 19

2 examples to sultanistic regimes

Answer 19

1. turkmenistan - nyazov

2. zaire- mobutu

Question 20

2 core characteristics of hybrid regimes

Answer 20

1. elections but no alteration in power

2. limited restraint on the exercise of power

Question 21

mechanism of rule in hybrid regimes (3)

Answer 21

1. patronage and clientelism: material incentives to support regime
2. administrative manipulations: playing with the rules to harass opposition
3. politicization of the state: using your power to appoints people to positions

Question 22

hybrid regimes are distinctly a…

Answer 22

third wave phenomenon

Question 23

there are discussions about hybrid regimes regarding their…

Answer 23

stability and dangerousness

Question 24

3 stages of democratization +1

Answer 24

1. liberalization
2. transition
3. consolidation
4. deepening

Question 25

liberalization

Answer 25

initiation of the reform sequence, usually as a recognition by authoritarian leaders that change is inevitable

Question 26

transition

Answer 26

arrangements are made for the new system of government

Question 27

consolidation

Answer 27

widespread acceptance of the system, supported by evidence that it works

Question 28

deepening

Answer 28

democracy evolves from the superficial to the substantial.

Question 29

structural violence

Answer 29

social and economic oppression built into a syst of govt

Question 30

endemic corruption

Answer 30

the abuse of public office for private gain