Democracy and participation

Question 1

Key term:

What does representative democracy mean?

Answer 1

A system where citizens elect representatives to make decisions on their behalf of citizens

Question 2

Key term:

What does lobbyist mean?

Answer 2

A person who tries to influence government decisions, usually on behalf of a specific interest group or cause.

Question 3

Key term:

What does direct democracy mean?

Answer 3

A system where citizens directly participate in decision-making, like voting on laws and policies e.g. referendums.

Question 4

Key term:

What does participation crisis mean?

Answer 4

Where citizens are not actively involved in the political process e.g. voting

Question 5

Key term:

What does legitimacy mean?

Answer 5

The government has the right to rule, often based on lawful elections.

Question 6

Key term:

What does democratic deficit mean?

Answer 6

A situation where democratic processes or institutions are not fully representative or accountable, leading to a lack of public trust in the system.

Question 7

Key term:

What does franchise/suffrage mean?

Answer 7

The right to vote in elections.

Question 8

Representative democracy:

Features of representative democracy e.g. regular elections (use two examples)

Answer 8

Fixed-Term Parliaments (2017 General Election):

The Fixed-term Parliaments Act of 2011 set general elections to occur every five years. The 2017 general election was held early, but still within the regular framework, following the 2015 election. This demonstrates how regular elections keeps democracy healthy

Proportional Representation in the Scottish Parliament (2021 Election):

In Scotland, elections are held every five years, using a proportional representation system to fairly reflect voter preferences. The 2021 election saw the SNP win 64 seats. This system ensures that elections are regular and that the distribution of seats matches public opinion more accurately. The regularity of the five-year cycle allows voters consistent opportunities to influence Scottish governance.

Question 9

Representative democracy:

Features of representative democracy e.g. accountability (use two examples)

Answer 9

PM Johnson’s Accountability (2022-2023):

In 2022 and 2023, Prime Minister Boris Johnson faced severe scrutiny over the Partygate scandal. This scandal undermined public trust as Johnson was accused of violating the very COVID-19 rules his government imposed ultimately leading to his resignation in 2022. His resignation demonstrates accountability in representative democracy, where elected officials are held responsible for their actions and must step down when they lose public confidence.

UK Recall of MPs (2023):

In 2023, Conservative MP Imran Khan was convicted of sexual assault, which triggered a recall petition from his constituents. More than 10% of voters signed the petition, leading to Khan’s removal from Parliament. Allows voters to hold their elected representative accountable and can be removed if they fail to uphold their duties.

Question 10

Representative democracy:

What are the advantages of representative democracy e.g. protection of minority rights (use two examples)

Answer 10

Same-Sex Marriage Legalization in the UK (2014):

In 2014, legalized same-sex marriage in England and Wales. The decision came reflected the will of elected representatives - protect minorities. Shows the power of representative democracy to protect LGBTQ+ rights enact policies to benefit marginalized groups.

The Equality Act (2010):

The Equality Act of 2010 was designed to protect individuals from all forms of discrimination. This legislation ensured better protection for vulnerable groups in areas like employment and education. Allows MP’s to pass laws that safeguard the rights of minority groups.

Question 11

Representative democracy:

What are the advantages of representative democracy e.g. efficient decision making (use two examples)

Answer 11

UK Government’s Response to COVID-19 (2020-2021):

During the COVID-19 pandemic, PM Johnson and his government implemented emergency measures e.g. national lockdowns and the furlough scheme. Representative democracy allows decisions to be made quickly and efficiently without the need of public opinion allowing the government to protect public health and stabilize the economy.

(NHS) Funding Increase (2022):

In 2022, Johnson and Health Secretary Javid, approved a significant funding boost for the NHS to address growing waiting lists made worse by the pandemic. By acting decisively, it ensured that the NHS could continue to meet increasing demand for services in an effective manner.

Question 12

Representative democracy:

What are the disadvantages of representative democracy e.g. low levels of participation (use two examples)

Answer 12

2019 UK General Election Voter Turnout:

The 2019 UK general election had a voter turnout of 67.3%, which meant many of the electorate did not participate. This level of disengagement can undermine the legitimacy of the election, as those who didn’t vote don’t have their views reflected. Also highlights how politicians are not engaging young people as 18-22’s consistently have the lowest turnout record.

Local Elections in the UK (2021):

In the 2021, some areas seeing participation rates under 40%. Many young voters, typically less engaged, contributed to the low turnout, which meant the decisions made did not fully representative which risks marginalising groups and alienating them.

Question 13

Representative democracy:

What are the disadvantages of representative democracy e.g. risk of corruption (use two examples)

Answer 13

Partygate Scandal (2022):

The Partygate scandal involved Johnson and others not obeying the COVID rules that they put in place leading Johnson to be fined and then ultimately had toresign . However, his actions contributed to a loss of public trust as it was seen that politicians put their interests above the nation.

Influence of Lobbying and Corporate Interests (2021):

In 2021, the UK government faced criticism for giving contracts to private firms with close ties to Conservative Party donors as this wasn’t based on merit but political and financial connections. This highlights concerns about the influence of interest groups on government decisions as it risks prioritizing the interests of elites over the broader public.

Question 14

Representative democracy:

How is West-Minister Parliament representative of the country e.g. representation of MP’s in Parliament (use two examples)

Answer 14

Ethnic Minorities:

Nusrat Ghani became the first Muslim woman to serve as a government minister, holding the position of Minister for Transport from 2018 to 2020. She won 60.5% of the vote demonstrating broad support for ethnic minority MPs. Ghani actively advocates for Muslim communities and promotes diversity within government, making Parliament more inclusive.

Lloyd Russell-Moyle (LGBTQ+ Community):

Lloyd Russell-Moyle is an openly gay MP representing LGBTQ+ rights e.g. ban conversion therapy. He won 55.8% of the vote in his constituency reflecting the support of the LGBTQ+ community. Parliament is increasingly representative of diverse identities and experiences within the LGBTQ+ community.

Question 15

Representative democracy:

How is West-Minister Parliament representative of the country e.g. political accountability (use two examples)

Answer 15

Prime Minister’s Resignation (Boris Johnson - 2022):

In 2022, Johnson faced significant pressure to resign due to the “Partygate” scandal where Johnson violated public health regulations. His party and the public/party lost confidence leading in his resignation. This shows how the Prime Minister was held accountable to both his party and the public. If an elected leader loses the confidence of the people they serve, they are held responsible, demonstrating the responsiveness of the Westminster system.

Recall of MP Imran Ahmad Khan (2023):

In 2023, Conservative MP Imran Ahmad Khan was convicted of sexual assault and sentenced to prison. Following the conviction, a recall petition was triggered by his constituents, who were given the opportunity to remove him from office. The recall petition mechanism allowed voters to directly hold their elected representative accountable for criminal actions. It highlights how Westminster ensures MPs are answerable to the public, with their positions subject to democratic scrutiny and potential removal if they violate public trust.

Question 16

Representative democracy:

How is West-Minister Parliament unrepresentative e.g. accountability (use two examples)

Answer 16

MPs often have outside business interests or engage in lobbying activities, which can create conflicts of interest and undermine their accountability. In 2020, Owen Paterson, a Conservative MP, was found to have lobbied for companies while receiving a £100,000 salary, raising concerns about corruption. Despite this, there were attempts to block his suspension, demonstrating a lack of swift accountability. This issue highlights how MPs’ personal interests can conflict with their duty to represent the public fairly, eroding trust in Parliament.

MPs’ Expenses Scandal (2009): The 2009 MPs’ expenses scandal revealed that many MPs claimed excessive and inappropriate expenses, such as for luxury goods and home renovations, using taxpayer money. Despite the public outcry, only a few MPs, such as Douglas Hogg, faced real consequences, and many continued to serve in Parliament without major repercussions. The lack of serious accountability for financial misconduct eroded trust in Westminster and highlighted flaws in holding elected officials responsible.

Question 17

Representative democracy:

How is West-Minister Parliament unrepresentative e.g. underrepresentation of different groups in Parliament (use two examples)

Answer 17

Gender Representation in Parliament:

Despite ongoing efforts to address gender inequality in politics, women remain significantly underrepresented in the House of Commons. In the 2019 general election, only 34% of MPs elected were women, which is far below gender parity. While there have been improvements in recent years, women’s representation is still inadequate, particularly when it comes to influential political roles like ministers or party leaders. This gender imbalance means that women’s perspectives and issues, such as reproductive rights or gender-based violence, might not receive the attention they deserve in policymaking.

Ethnic Minorities in Parliament:

Ethnic minorities are also underrepresented in the UK Parliament, with only around 10% of MPs from ethnic minority backgrounds, despite making up a much larger portion of the UK population. This lack of representation can lead to policies that do not fully account for the needs and concerns of ethnic minority communities. For example, issues related to racial discrimination, immigration, and multiculturalism may be underrepresented or misunderstood by lawmakers who do not share the experiences of these communities. Consequently, the legislative process may fail to address the specific challenges faced by ethnic minorities in the UK.

Question 18

Representative democracy:

Features of direct democracy e.g. referendums (use two examples)

Answer 18

Brexit Referendum (2016):

The Brexit referendum held in June 2016 was a landmark example of direct democracy in the UK. Voters were asked whether the UK should remain a member of the European Union (EU) or leave. This referendum allowed the public to directly influence a major political decision, bypassing Parliament’s usual process of representative decision-making. The result was a 52% vote in favor of leaving the EU, which had significant political and economic implications.

Scottish Independence Referendum (2014):

The Scottish Independence Referendum held in 2014 allowed Scottish citizens to vote directly on whether Scotland should remain part of the United Kingdom or become an independent nation. While the “No” vote (against independence) won with 55%, the referendum was a clear example of a direct democratic process where citizens were directly involved in making a critical national decision.

Question 19

Representative democracy:

Features of direct democracy e.g. petitions (use two examples)

Answer 19

Petition for a Second Brexit Referendum (2019):

In 2019, a petition calling for a second Brexit referendum gathered over 2 million signatures, reflecting public dissatisfaction with the initial Brexit decision. While Parliament did not agree to hold the second referendum, the petition demonstrated the power of direct democracy by amplifying public opinion. It highlighted how citizens can push for reconsideration of important decisions through petitions, giving them a direct voice in the political process.

Petition to Revoke Article 50 (2019):

Another 2019 petition, calling for the revocation of Article 50 to halt Brexit, gained over 6 million signatures, becoming one of the most signed petitions in UK history. Although the petition did not result in the revocation of Article 50, it showcased the strength of public opinion against Brexit and illustrated how direct democracy allows citizens to initiate important national debates. The petition demonstrated the potential of direct democracy to influence political decision-making, even when the outcome is not achieved.

Question 20

Representative democracy:

What are the advantages of direct democracy? e.g. increased political engagement (use two examples)

Answer 20

Brexit Referendum (2016):

The Brexit referendum in 2016 saw a remarkable 72% voter turnout, the highest in a UK-wide referendum for decades, signaling strong political engagement. The issue of the UK’s membership in the European Union was of immense importance, leading to widespread discussions on national sovereignty, immigration, and trade. As a result, many voters became more politically aware, taking the time to educate themselves on complex issues related to international relations and economics. The referendum fostered a greater sense of involvement in political processes, prompting citizens to actively engage in debates about their nation’s future.

Scottish Independence Referendum (2014):

The Scottish Independence Referendum in 2014 experienced an unprecedented 84.5% voter turnout, the highest of any UK referendum or election. This extraordinary participation was a direct reflection of how deeply the Scottish electorate cared about the future of their country, sparking intense conversations about national identity, self-determination, and the role of Scotland within the United Kingdom. The referendum gave many voters a sense of ownership over their political future, making them more aware of the political process and governance. The high turnout emphasized how direct democracy can significantly increase public engagement and political consciousness.

Question 21

Representative democracy:

What are the advantages of direct democracy? e.g. reflection of public opinion (use two examples)

Answer 21

Brexit Referendum (2016):

The Brexit referendum in 2016 saw a high voter turnout of 72%, reflecting a deeply engaged electorate on the issue of the UK’s EU membership. This referendum allowed the public to directly decide on the country’s future relationship with the European Union, bypassing elected representatives. The vote led to a 51.9% majority for leaving the EU, providing legitimacy to the government’s decision to begin the Brexit process. The result has had a long-lasting impact on political discourse, shaping national debates and policies around immigration, sovereignty, and economic relations.

London Mayor’s Referendum (1998):

In 1998, Londoners voted to create the office of an elected mayor, with 72% approval, a clear reflection of public desire for greater local governance. The referendum demonstrated the public’s engagement with how their city should be governed, allowing citizens to choose a more centralized form of leadership. This decision led to the election of Ken Livingstone as the first Mayor of London in 2000, marking a significant political shift for the city. It showcased how direct democracy allowed citizens to reshape their local political structures based on their preferences.

Question 22

Representative democracy:

What are the disadvantages of direct democracy? e.g. risk of populism (use two examples)

Answer 22

Brexit Referendum (2016) - Risk of Populism and Simplification:

The Brexit referendum has been criticized for focusing too heavily on emotional and simplified issues like sovereignty and immigration, rather than the complex realities of leaving the EU. The Leave campaign used slogans like “Take Back Control” and misleading statistics, which oversimplified the debate. Many voters later expressed regret over not fully understanding the long-term consequences of Brexit, highlighting how populist rhetoric can influence decision-making. This demonstrates the risks of direct democracy, where emotional campaigns can overshadow informed discussions and lead to potentially damaging outcomes.

London Congestion Charge Referendum (2002):

The 2002 London Congestion Charge referendum showed how complex issues can be oversimplified in direct democracy processes. While the concept of reducing congestion in central London was popular, the debate around it failed to fully address the public transport alternatives that were necessary for its success. Despite the positive vote for the charge, the implementation faced challenges because the full scope of the required infrastructure wasn’t adequately discussed. This example highlights the potential for direct democracy to simplify intricate policy issues, potentially leading to rushed decisions.

Question 23

Representative democracy:

What are the disadvantages of direct democracy? e.g. (use two examples)

Answer 23

Brexit Referendum (2016) - Influence of Misinformation and Emotional Campaigns:

During the Brexit referendum, the Leave campaign spread misinformation, such as the claim that the UK would save £350 million per week by leaving the EU, which would supposedly go to the NHS. This misleading claim was later debunked, but it had a significant impact on voter decisions. Such misinformation led to accusations that many voters were swayed by false promises rather than the actual facts. It underscored the susceptibility of direct democracy to emotional appeals and misinformation, which can distort public decision-making.

2011 AV Referendum:

The 2011 Alternative Vote (AV) referendum was influenced by emotional campaigns, with opponents claiming it would lead to political chaos and “backroom deals” despite the proposed changes being relatively minor. The “No” campaign successfully used fear-based arguments to sway voters, resulting in 68% voting against the change. This example demonstrates how emotional rhetoric can overpower rational discussion, leading to decisions that may not reflect the true merits of the proposal. The outcome highlighted the potential pitfalls of direct democracy, where emotional manipulation can shape political decisions.

Question 24

Participation crisis:

How can the UK been seen to be suffering from a participation crisis? e.g. declining voter turnout (use two examples)

Answer 24

2001 General Election - Declining Voter Turnout:

The 2001 UK general election had a historically low voter turnout of 59.4%, reflecting widespread disillusionment with the political system. Many voters felt that the outcome was already decided, as the Labour Party under Tony Blair was heavily favored to win. This low participation indicated a growing sense of apathy among the electorate, who felt disconnected from the political process. The election highlighted the participation crisis in the UK, where voter engagement was undermined by skepticism about the impact of their vote.

2019 General Election - Declining Voter Turnout:

The 2019 UK general election saw a 67.3% voter turnout, which, while higher than in 2001, still demonstrated a decline compared to historic levels. Despite high-profile issues like Brexit dominating the campaign, a significant portion of the electorate chose not to vote, likely due to frustration with the political system or dissatisfaction with the available candidates. This reflected ongoing concerns about voter apathy and disengagement, particularly amid polarized political debates. The 2019 election further exemplified the UK’s participation crisis, where a substantial portion of the population remained disconnected from electoral processes.

Question 25

Participation crisis:

How can the UK been seen to be suffering from a participation crisis? e.g. lack of trust (use two examples)

Answer 25

2009 Expenses Scandal - Lack of Trust in Political Institutions:

The 2009 UK parliamentary expenses scandal severely damaged public trust in politicians and political institutions. Many MPs were found to have misused public funds for personal gain, which led to widespread anger and disillusionment. This scandal contributed to a decline in voter turnout in the 2010 general election and increased skepticism about the integrity of elected representatives. The scandal exacerbated the participation crisis, as many citizens felt betrayed and disconnected from a system that seemed corrupt and out of touch with ordinary people.

Brexit and Political Polarization - Lack of Trust in Political Institutions:

The Brexit process further eroded trust in political institutions, particularly as divisions within the electorate and political parties deepened. The inability to manage Brexit effectively, especially during Theresa May’s tenure as Prime Minister, led to increased disillusionment with the political elite. Many citizens felt that politicians were not genuinely representing their interests, particularly in regions where Brexit was a divisive issue. This polarization fueled voter apathy and frustration, contributing to the broader participation crisis in the UK and leaving citizens feeling alienated from the political system.

Question 26

Participation crisis:

How can the UK been seen to not be suffering from a participation crisis? e.g. high levels of political engagement (use two examples)

Answer 26

The 2019 General Election and Youth Voter Turnout - High Levels of Political Engagement:

Although voter turnout in the 2019 general election was relatively low overall, there was a notable increase in youth participation, with around 47% of voters aged 18-24 casting their ballots. This rise in youth engagement reflected growing interest in key issues like Brexit, healthcare, and climate change, which directly affected younger generations. The increased turnout among young people suggested that political participation remains strong, especially among those concerned about the future. This trend showed that engagement is not universally declining but is shifting, with younger voters showing increasing political activism.

The Black Lives Matter Movement - High Levels of Political Engagement:

The Black Lives Matter (BLM) movement in the UK, particularly following George Floyd’s death in 2020, saw widespread political activism, with thousands participating in protests against racism and inequality. The BLM protests demonstrated that political engagement and activism continue to thrive outside traditional electoral processes, focusing on social justice issues. People used their voices to call for change, pushing for reforms to address systemic racism and police violence. This shows that, despite concerns about voter disengagement, other forms of political participation, like activism and protest, remain strong in the UK.

Question 27

Participation crisis:

How can the UK been seen to not be suffering from a participation crisis? e.g. public participation in referendums (use two examples)

Answer 27

The Brexit Referendum (2016) - Public Participation in Referendums and National Debates:

The Brexit referendum in 2016 saw an impressive 72% voter turnout, showing the UK population’s strong engagement in the decision to leave or remain in the European Union. The referendum allowed citizens to bypass representative politics and directly express their views on this crucial national issue. The high turnout and widespread debate around Brexit indicated a deep public investment in the country’s future. The referendum exemplified the power of direct democracy in shaping national policies and fostering public involvement.

The Scottish Independence Referendum (2014) - Public Participation in Referendums and National Debates:

The 2014 Scottish Independence referendum achieved an extraordinary 84.5% voter turnout, the highest in any UK-wide referendum. This demonstrated a highly engaged electorate in Scotland, eager to determine whether they should remain part of the United Kingdom or seek independence. The referendum sparked widespread debate about national identity, governance, and the future of Scotland, leading to deep public engagement. Despite the result favoring union with the UK, the high turnout underscored the importance of direct democracy in encouraging active participation in shaping national policy.

Question 28

Participation crisis:

How are proposals to reform UK democracy convincing? e.g. electoral reform (use two examples)

Answer 28

Proportional Representation (PR) for General Elections:

PR would allocate seats in Parliament according to the proportion of votes each party receives, helping smaller parties get fairer representation. For example, in the 2015 UK general election, UKIP received 12.6% of the vote but only won 1 seat. Adopting PR would reduce disproportionality and give more power to minor parties, improving voter engagement. It would make the system fairer and reduce disenchantment with elections.

The Alternative Vote (AV) System:

Under the AV system, voters rank candidates by preference, ensuring that elected candidates have majority support. The 2011 referendum rejected AV by 68%, but it raised questions about whether the UK’s system is democratic enough. Advocates argue that AV would reduce “wasted votes” and give more power to voters in closely contested constituencies. Critics, however, believed AV wouldn’t solve disproportionality and could create confusion in the voting process.

Question 29

Participation crisis:

How are proposals to reform UK democracy convincing? e.g. devolution of power (use two examples)

Answer 29

The Devolution of Power to Scotland (1998):

The creation of the Scottish Parliament in 1998 gave Scotland greater control over domestic issues like health, education, and transport. This reform increased political engagement in Scotland and allowed local decision-making on key policies. However, it also led to a rise in Scottish nationalism and contributed to calls for independence. The 2014 independence referendum highlighted the growing political divide between Scotland and the rest of the UK.

Devolution of Powers to Cities through “Devolution Deals”:

The “Devolution Deals” allow cities like Manchester, Liverpool, and Birmingham to have more control over local issues such as housing, transport, and skills development. These agreements are aimed at rebalancing power away from London and empowering local governments. The reforms have been well-received locally and have led to increased political engagement. However, critics argue they may worsen regional inequality, with wealthier cities benefiting more than poorer areas.

Question 30

Participation crisis:

How are proposals to reform UK democracy not convincing? e.g. electoral reform (use two examples)

Answer 30

Proportional Representation (PR):

Critics argue that PR could lead to unstable coalition governments, as seen in countries like Italy and Israel, where no single party holds a majority. The UK’s First Past the Post (FPTP) system tends to create clear winners and stable governments. PR could lead to fragmented parliaments, making it harder to form effective governments. This could result in policy gridlock and more frequent changes in leadership.

The Alternative Vote (AV) System (2011 Referendum):

The 2011 referendum saw 68% of voters reject the AV system, as critics felt it wouldn’t fully address the issues of disproportionality. Though AV would allow voters to rank candidates, detractors argued it would still allow candidates with little overall support to win. They believed it could introduce confusion and unpredictability in the election results. The rejection indicated that many voters were not convinced that AV would improve the current system.

Question 31

Participation crisis:

How are proposals to reform UK democracy not convincing? e.g. devolution of power (use two examples)

Answer 31

Devolution to Scotland (1998) and the Push for Independence:

While the 1998 devolution of powers to Scotland gave it more control over key policies, it also fueled the rise of Scottish nationalism. This led to the 2014 independence referendum, which, despite the “No” result, left a lasting divide in the political landscape. Devolution increased political awareness in Scotland but also deepened the call for separation from the UK. Critics argue this has weakened the unity of the UK.

English Devolution and “English Votes for English Laws”:

Proposals for English devolution, such as metro mayors, have been criticized for creating further regional disparities. The English Votes for English Laws (EVEL) system aimed to address this by giving MPs from England more control over laws affecting only England. However, critics argue EVEL has led to a two-tier system of representation and failed to solve regional inequality issues. The uneven distribution of power could further deepen the divide between different areas of the UK.

Question 32

Extension of the franchise:

Why should the franchise be extended to those who are 16? e.g. youth engagement (use two examples)

Answer 32

The Scottish Independence Referendum (2014):

In 2014, 16- and 17-year-olds were allowed to vote in Scotland’s independence referendum for the first time. This decision was made after campaigning by groups like “Votes at 16.” As a result, 75% of young voters turned out, significantly higher than older age groups. This demonstrated that young people were ready and able to engage with complex political issues, challenging assumptions about political apathy in youth.

The 2016 EU Referendum and Youth Frustration:

During the Brexit referendum in 2016, young people under 18 were not allowed to vote, yet many expressed strong opinions and frustration about not being included. The “Vote16” campaign highlighted how the outcome of the vote, especially regarding future opportunities and policies, would impact younger generations for decades. This spurred ongoing discussions about lowering the voting age across the UK and led to debates on whether 16-year-olds should have the right to vote in future elections.

Question 33

Extension of the franchise:

Why should the franchise be extended to those who are 16? e.g. political responsibility (use two examples)

Answer 33

Local Elections and Issues Impacting Youth:

In 2018, local elections in the UK included key issues such as education funding, transportation, and housing – all of which directly impacted young people. Many 16-year-olds are already affected by these issues in their daily lives. Allowing them to vote in local elections would enable them to have a say in decisions that affect their communities and provide a foundation for broader political engagement in later years.

National Citizen Service (NCS):

The National Citizen Service (NCS) provides 16-year-olds with opportunities to engage in community projects and leadership activities. Since its introduction, the program has shown that young people can take on significant responsibilities, such as organizing community outreach projects. If given the right to vote, this could strengthen their sense of civic duty and political engagement, reinforcing their role as active members of society.

Question 34

Extension of the franchise:

Why should the franchise not be extended to those who are 16? e.g. maturity and knowledge (use two examples)

Answer 34

Insufficient Political Education in Schools:

A study by the Political Studies Association (PSA) in 2018 found that many schools in the UK provide only basic civic education to students, often focusing on historical events rather than contemporary political issues. This lack of comprehensive education on current affairs and policies suggests that 16-year-olds may not be fully prepared to make informed voting decisions. This has led some to argue that more in-depth political education would be necessary before lowering the voting age.

Cognitive Development and Decision-Making:

According to research from the National Institutes of Health, the human brain continues developing into the mid-20s, particularly areas that control judgment and impulse control. This research supports the argument that 16-year-olds may not yet possess the maturity needed to make well-considered decisions in national elections, potentially leading to decisions influenced more by emotion or peer pressure than by a thorough understanding of political issues.

Question 35

Extension of the franchise:

Why should the franchise not be extended to those who are 16? e.g. political disengagement (use two examples)

Answer 35

Low Voter Turnout Among Young Adults:

The 2019 UK General Election saw a marked difference in voter turnout, with only 57% of people aged 18-24 casting their votes, compared to over 70% of people aged 65 and older. This points to a significant disengagement with the electoral process among young adults, raising concerns that lowering the voting age might not solve the issue of political participation but could instead add to the number of disinterested or uninformed voters.

Lack of Interest in National Politics:

In the 2017 general election, only 42% of young voters (18-24) expressed a strong interest in the outcome of the election, according to a YouGov survey. The study revealed that many young people are disconnected from the political process, focusing more on social and personal issues than national policy debates. Critics argue that introducing younger voters without proper political engagement could exacerbate this detachment, as many 16-year-olds may not have a strong interest in national politics or may not be familiar with the candidates or their policies.

Question 36

Extension of the franchise:

Why should the franchise extend to those in prison e.g. human rights and democracy (use two examples)

Answer 36

The European Court of Human Rights (ECHR) Ruling (2005):

In 2005, the European Court of Human Rights ruled in Hirst v. the United Kingdom that the UK’s blanket ban on prisoner voting violated the European Convention on Human Rights. This case highlighted that voting is a fundamental human right and should not be denied based on one’s criminal status. This legal precedent raised questions about whether any group of citizens, such as prisoners or 16-year-olds, should have their right to vote restricted, sparking debates about extending suffrage to more groups.

Global Comparisons on Voting Rights:

Countries like Brazil and Argentina allow 16-year-olds to vote, while the UK continues to limit voting to those aged 18 and over. In Brazil, 16-year-olds are automatically registered to vote, and studies have shown that this early introduction to the political process increases lifelong voter turnout and political engagement. The UK’s refusal to lower the voting age contrasts with these progressive policies, raising questions about whether restricting voting rights contradicts democratic principles that aim to involve all citizens in the electoral process.

Question 37

Extension of the franchise:

Why should the franchise be extended to those in prison e.g. rehabilitation and reintegration (use two examples)

Answer 37

Voting as a Path to Reintegration:

In countries like Norway, prisoners are allowed to vote as part of their rehabilitation process. The Norwegian government believes that this participation helps prisoners reintegrate into society by maintaining their civic responsibilities while incarcerated. A study by the Norwegian University of Science and Technology found that prisoners who engage with democratic processes are less likely to reoffend, suggesting that voting rights may help rehabilitate offenders and prepare them for a successful reintegration post-release.

Successful Voting Models in Other Countries:

In Canada, prisoners are allowed to vote, and there has been no significant evidence that this undermines the integrity of the electoral system. On the contrary, research suggests that allowing prisoners to vote has a positive effect on their rehabilitation by fostering a connection with society. This contrasts with the UK, where prisoners have been historically denied the right to vote, despite research showing that voting could contribute to their reintegration by maintaining a sense of societal responsibility.

Question 38

Extension of the franchise:

Why should the franchise be not extended to those in prison e.g. punishment and accountability (use two examples)

Answer 38

The UK’s Blanket Ban on Prisoner Voting:

In the UK, prisoners serving sentences longer than 12 months are denied the right to vote. This policy is rooted in the belief that criminals should forfeit certain privileges, including voting, as part of their punishment. This approach was reinforced in the case of Hirst v. the UK (2005), where the European Court of Human Rights ruled against the UK’s blanket ban, but the UK Parliament still chose to maintain the restriction, emphasizing the belief that criminals must face consequences for their actions.

Public Opinion on Prisoner Voting:

A 2014 YouGov poll revealed that 70% of the British public opposed giving prisoners the right to vote. This reflects a broader public sentiment that prisoners, who have broken the law, should not be entitled to participate in the democratic process. For many, voting is seen as a privilege that must be earned through responsible citizenship, and they view it as unjust to extend that privilege to those who have committed serious crimes.

Question 39

Extension of the franchise:

Why should the franchise be not extended to those in prison e.g. maintaining integrity of democracy (use two examples)

Answer 39

Risks of Undermining Democratic Principles:

In 2015, the UK Government argued that allowing prisoners to vote would undermine the principles of democracy by enabling those who have violated the law to influence the political process. According to the Conservative Party’s position, prisoners should not be entitled to a say in political matters because they have broken the social contract. Critics argue that this stance protects the integrity of democratic principles by ensuring that only law-abiding citizens have a direct role in the election of leaders.

The Influence of Convicted Criminals on Policy:

In the 2015 UK General Election, the issue of prisoner voting was raised during debates. Some politicians warned that granting voting rights to prisoners could result in policies being influenced by self-interest, such as lobbying for better prison conditions or reduced sentences. This concern highlights the fear that allowing prisoners to vote could lead to the undue influence of a specific group on national policy, which could potentially erode the fairness and impartiality of the democratic process.

Question 40

Widening of the franchise and debates over suffrage:

Name the acts that allowed the widening of the franchise (vote) (there are 5)

Answer 40

1832 Reform Act – Allowed middle-class men to vote, based on property ownership.

1867 Reform Act – Extended the vote to working-class men in urban areas.

1918 Representation of the People Act – Granted suffrage to all men over 21 and women over 30 who met certain property qualifications.

1928 Equal Franchise Act – Gave women the same voting rights as men, lowering the voting age for women to 21.

1969 Representation of the People Act – Voting age was lowered to 18 for both men and women.

Question 41

Widening of the franchise and debates over suffrage:

How did the the suffragists, suffragettes and WW1 lead to the widening of the franchise

Answer 41

The suffragists and suffragettes fought for women’s right to vote, with the suffragists using peaceful methods and the suffragettes adopting more militant tactics.

World War I demonstrated women’s crucial role in society, helping shift public opinion. This led to the 1918 Representation of the People Act, granting women over 30 the vote and all men over 21.

In 1928, the Equal Franchise Act gave women equal voting rights with men, marking a significant step toward universal suffrage in the UK.

Question 42

Widening of the franchise and debates over suffrage:

How did the representation of the people Act 1969 lead to the widening of the franchise?

Answer 42

The Representation of the People Act 1969 lowered the voting age from 21 to 18, allowing younger people to vote. This reform expanded the franchise by giving 18- and 19-year-olds the right to participate in elections, reflecting the growing belief that adults should have equal voting rights. It was a significant step in broadening democratic participation in the UK.

Question 43

Widening of the franchise and debates over suffrage:

Factors in helping pressure groups to achieve success e.g. public support (use two examples)

Answer 43

Extinction Rebellion and Climate Action (2019-Present):

Extinction Rebellion (XR) gained significant success through large-scale protests across the UK in 2019. The group mobilized people from all walks of life, including environmentalists, scientists, and students, to demand immediate action on climate change. Their actions—such as blocking roads and disrupting business—led to widespread media coverage and national discussions. As a result, the UK government declared a climate emergency and began adopting more aggressive climate policies, demonstrating the power of public support to push for environmental reforms.

Black Lives Matter (BLM) Movement (2020-Present):

After the killing of George Floyd in 2020, the Black Lives Matter (BLM) movement gained massive global support, with millions protesting in support of racial justice and police reform. The movement’s demonstrations led to renewed calls for addressing systemic racism, influencing policies like the review of police practices in the UK. Their broad base of support from various social and political groups helped amplify the message and pressure decision-makers. This culminated in greater political attention to issues of racial inequality and led to changes in policies addressing racial injustice.

Question 44

Factors that help/hinder different groups:

Factors in helping pressure groups to achieve success e.g. access to decision makers (use two examples)

Answer 44

The National Farmers’ Union (NFU) and Agricultural Policy (2020-Present):

During Brexit, the National Farmers’ Union (NFU) leveraged its close ties with UK government officials to push for agricultural protections and subsidies for farmers. Key meetings with government ministers, including the Secretary of State for Environment, Food & Rural Affairs, allowed the NFU to directly influence post-Brexit agricultural policy. Their access ensured that British farming received protections in future trade agreements. This resulted in favorable government decisions that safeguarded the interests of UK farmers in international markets.

NHS Staff and Health Policy (2020-Present):

During the COVID-19 pandemic, the Royal College of Nursing (RCN) had direct access to government decision-makers, allowing them to advocate for better working conditions and resources for NHS staff. The RCN’s lobbying efforts resulted in the allocation of additional funding and improvements in the provision of PPE to healthcare workers. Through strategic lobbying with officials such as the Health Secretary, the RCN played a crucial role in securing measures that ensured the safety and well-being of NHS personnel during the crisis. Their access to decision-makers was key in ensuring that healthcare priorities were addressed swiftly.

Question 45

Factors that help/hinder different groups:

Factors that have lead pressure groups to failure e.g. public opposition (use two examples)

Answer 45

Fracking Opposition and Anti-Fracking Groups (2010-Present):

Despite strong opposition from environmental groups like Frack Off, fracking remains supported by some sectors of the public, particularly those who view it as essential for energy security. The UK government’s stance on fracking remained largely favorable due to the potential economic benefits it was believed to offer. Anti-fracking groups struggled to influence policy, as public opinion was divided, and many people in unaffected areas supported fracking. This split in public opinion undermined their ability to halt the practice through political pressure.

Brexit and Pro-Remain Groups (2016-Present):

Following the 2016 EU referendum, pro-Remain pressure groups like Best for Britain campaigned to reverse or delay Brexit. However, with 51.9% of the public voting to leave, these groups faced significant challenges as they were up against widespread public support for Brexit. Despite extensive lobbying, pro-Remain efforts were ineffective due to the sustained political and public backing for leaving the EU. The public’s decisive vote made it difficult for these groups to achieve their goal of reversing the referendum result.

Question 46

Factors that help/hinder different groups:

Factors that have lead pressure groups to failure e.g. lack of access to decision makers (use two examples)

Answer 46

Local Campaigns Against Airport Expansion (2010-Present):

Local community groups opposed to Heathrow Airport’s expansion faced difficulties in accessing policymakers in the Department for Transport (DfT). Despite vocal opposition from residents and environmental concerns, the government proceeded with the expansion in 2018, citing economic and trade benefits. The lack of direct access to ministers meant that the local groups were unable to sway key decision-makers effectively. As a result, their efforts were not successful in halting the airport’s expansion project.

RSPCA and Animal Welfare Legislation (2010-Present):

The Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (RSPCA) lobbied for stronger animal welfare laws, but struggled to gain access to key lawmakers in the Department for Environment, Food & Rural Affairs (DEFRA). Their efforts to pass the Animal Welfare (Sentencing) Bill, which would have increased penalties for animal cruelty, were delayed due to insufficient political support. Without direct access to decision-makers, the RSPCA faced challenges in pushing their legislative agenda forward. This hindered their ability to achieve key reforms in animal welfare law.

Question 47

Factors that help/hinder different groups:

Factors that lead to the success of lobbyists? e.g. access to decision makers

Answer 47

The Confederation of British Industry (CBI) and Economic Support (2020-Present)

The CBI’s access to key Treasury ministers allowed it to influence government decisions on COVID-19 support measures, including furlough schemes. By directly engaging with policymakers, it ensured business concerns were addressed in economic recovery plans. This close relationship enabled the CBI to secure vital financial aid for struggling sectors during the crisis.

The Pharmaceutical Industry and Brexit Trade Negotiations (2016-Present)

Pharmaceutical companies like AstraZeneca leveraged their access to UK officials during Brexit to shape favorable trade agreements for medicine imports. Their established relationships with key negotiators helped secure uninterrupted supply chains for critical healthcare products post-Brexit. This access was crucial in ensuring that pharmaceutical trade conditions were tailored to industry needs.

Question 48

Factors that help/hinder different groups:

Factors that lead to the success of lobbyists? e.g. Financial Resources and Expertise (use two examples)

Answer 48

The Financial Sector and Banking Regulations Post-Brexit (2018-Present)

Barclays and HSBC used substantial financial resources to lobby for the preservation of passporting rights after Brexit. By hiring expert consultants, they ensured that UK financial institutions maintained access to EU markets. Their ability to fund strategic lobbying efforts played a significant role in securing favorable banking regulations.

The Oil and Gas Industry and Environmental Regulations (2019-Present)

The oil and gas industry employed its financial resources to influence UK policies on carbon emissions and offshore drilling. Lobbying firms helped secure favorable regulations by directly engaging with policymakers. This financial backing allowed the industry to protect its interests despite growing environmental concerns.

Question 49

Factors that help/hinder different groups:

Factors that lead to the failure of lobbyists? e.g. public opposition (use two examples)

Answer 49

Uber and the Gig Economy (2018-Present)

Uber has faced significant public opposition over concerns about worker rights, safety, and environmental impact, especially in major cities like London. The company’s business model, which many view as exploitative of workers, has led to widespread protests and legal challenges. This public outcry has made it difficult for Uber’s lobbyists to gain traction with lawmakers, especially at the local government level. As a result, Uber has struggled to secure favorable regulatory changes in cities with strong public opposition.

Coal Industry and Environmental Regulations (2015-Present)

The coal industry has encountered intense public opposition as awareness of climate change and environmental sustainability has grown. Environmental groups and youth activists have led campaigns pushing for the phase-out of coal-powered energy plants, gaining significant political support for green policies. This public pressure has made it increasingly difficult for coal industry lobbyists to delay or weaken environmental regulations. The shift in public sentiment has greatly limited the industry’s influence on energy policy in the UK and beyond.

Question 50

Factors that help/hinder different groups:

Factors that lead to the failure of lobbyists? e.g. regulatory restrictions (use two examples)

Answer 50

The Lobbying (Transparency) Act 2014 and Environmental Lobbyists

The Lobbying (Transparency) Act 2014 requires lobbyists to disclose their activities, reducing the ability to influence policymakers behind closed doors. Environmental lobbyists, in particular, face challenges due to the scrutiny their actions now receive. This has limited their ability to build informal relationships with decision-makers.

Restrictions on Tobacco Lobbying (2015-Present)

The tobacco industry is restricted by laws like the Health Act 2009, which limits advertising and promotion. These regulations have significantly hindered the tobacco industry’s ability to influence policy decisions. Despite their financial resources, these constraints have reduced the effectiveness of their lobbying efforts.

Question 51

Factors that help/hinder different groups:

Factors that help the success of think tanks e.g. expertise and research (use two examples)

Answer 51

Institute for Fiscal Studies (IFS) and Economic Policy (2019-Present):

The IFS is highly respected for its detailed economic analysis and independent reports on fiscal policy, taxation, and public spending. Ahead of the 2019 UK general election, the IFS evaluated political party manifestos and their economic impacts, providing invaluable data for policymakers. Politicians and media outlets regularly consult IFS research, relying on its credible and fact-based analysis. The IFS’s expertise helps to shape informed policy debates and guide economic decision-making.

Institute of Economic Affairs (IEA) and Free-Market Policies (2016-Present):

The IEA advocates for free-market economic policies and produces research on topics like taxation, trade, and deregulation. In 2019, the IEA’s report on deregulating the UK’s financial sector post-Brexit influenced the debate on economic growth opportunities. The IEA’s research aligns with conservative political agendas, providing valuable support to policymakers in favor of reducing government intervention. Its strong research expertise gives it access to influential decision-makers, enabling it to shape policy discussions on economic matters.

Question 52

Factors that help/hinder different groups:

Factors that help the success of think tanks e.g. access to decision makers (use two examples)

Answer 52

Chatham House and Foreign Policy (2017-Present):

Chatham House is a leading think tank on international relations and foreign policy, with direct access to government officials and foreign diplomats. Its research and events have shaped UK foreign policy, particularly in discussions around Brexit and post-Brexit trade negotiations. By providing independent analysis, Chatham House helps policymakers make informed decisions on complex global issues. Its ability to convene experts and host influential discussions has made it a key player in shaping foreign policy decisions.

The Resolution Foundation and Social Policy (2015-Present):

The Resolution Foundation conducts research on poverty, inequality, and living standards, with direct access to policymakers in the UK government. Its reports, particularly on income inequality during the COVID-19 pandemic, have influenced welfare policies and emergency relief measures. By providing data-driven insights, the Foundation shapes government decisions on social policy, particularly in the Treasury and Department for Work and Pensions. Their strong access to decision-makers has allowed them to shape policies aimed at improving the welfare of low-income families.

Question 53

Think-tanks:

Factors that hinder them e.g. public perception (use two examples)

Answer 53

Controversial Think Tanks: The Global Warming Policy Foundation (GWPF):

The GWPF is a UK-based think tank that questions the scientific consensus on climate change and downplays the role of human activity in global warming. It has been accused of publishing misleading reports that challenge the need for urgent climate action, despite overwhelming scientific evidence. As a result, its credibility is undermined, and its influence on UK government climate policy is limited, as policymakers often view its stance as ideological rather than scientifically grounded.

Controversial Think Tanks: The “Don’t Stop Oil” Campaign:

The “Don’t Stop Oil” campaign calls for an immediate halt to new fossil fuel projects in the UK, using disruptive methods like road blockades to garner attention. While it has highlighted the urgency of addressing climate change, its extreme tactics have led to public polarization and criticism. This controversial approach has hindered its ability to gain broad support, making it difficult for the campaign to effectively influence government policy in a constructive manner.

Question 54

Think-tanks:

Factors that hinder them e.g. political bias (use two examples)

Answer 54

Institute of Economic Affairs (IEA) and Its Perceived Bias:

The IEA is known for its free-market ideology and close ties with the Conservative Party, which has led to criticism of its political bias. This alignment has caused some policymakers, particularly from the Labour Party, to dismiss its research as politically motivated. As a result, the IEA struggles to influence policies that require cross-party support, limiting its impact across the political spectrum. Its perceived bias undermines its credibility, especially among those who do not share its market-oriented views.

Centre for Labour and Social Studies (CLASS):

CLASS is a left-wing think tank that advocates for social justice and workers’ rights, with strong ties to the Labour Party. Its research, while substantial, is often dismissed by those in the Conservative Party due to its perceived political leanings. This ideological alignment limits CLASS’s ability to influence broader policymaking and makes it harder to engage with policymakers outside of Labour. CLASS’s focus on left-wing policies restricts its influence in more centrist or right-wing political circles.

Question 55

Rights in context:

Human rights and civil liberties: Overview over the years

e.g. early history, 19th century, early 20th century, late 20th century-present

Answer 55

Early History: The Magna Carta (1215) and English Bill of Rights (1689) began establishing basic rights like fair trials and limiting the power of the monarchy.

19th Century: Key milestones include the Abolition of Slavery (1833) and gradual expansion of voting rights through the Reform Acts.

Early 20th Century: Women’s suffrage (1918) granted voting rights to women over 30. The Human Rights Act (1998) incorporated European human rights protections into UK law.

Late 20th Century to Present: Laws like the Race Relations Act (1965) and Sex Discrimination Act (1975) tackled discrimination. Debates continue over balancing civil liberties and security, particularly with modern counterterrorism and privacy concerns.

Question 56

Rights in context:

What development have happened to rights since 1997 (there are 2)

Answer 56

Human Rights Act (1998):

The Human Rights Act incorporated the European Convention on Human Rights into UK law, making it easier for citizens to defend their rights in British courts.
Equality and Anti-Discrimination Laws:

Equality Act (2010): Combined several previous laws to protect people from discrimination based on age, gender, disability, race, religion, and sexual orientation.
The Civil Partnership Act (2004) allowed same-sex couples legal recognition, followed by the Marriage (Same Sex Couples) Act (2013), granting them the right to marry.

Question 57

Rights being restricted:

How have rights been restricted? e.g. civic responsibility (use two examples)

Answer 57

Counter-Terrorism Measures: The Terrorism Act (2006):

The Terrorism Act (2006) granted UK authorities enhanced powers, including the ability to detain terrorism suspects without charge for up to 28 days. While this was deemed necessary for national security, critics argued that it violated basic civil liberties, such as the right to a fair trial and protection from arbitrary detention. The law sparked concerns over potential abuse of power, and the detention period was eventually reduced to 14 days, though it still raised significant debates about security versus individual rights.

The Investigatory Powers Act (2016):

The Investigatory Powers Act, nicknamed the “Snooper’s Charter,” expanded government surveillance capabilities, allowing the bulk collection of communications data, including web browsing history. Proponents argued it was essential for national security, especially to combat terrorism, but civil rights groups condemned it as a breach of privacy. The law was seen as a threat to personal freedom, as it allowed unprecedented levels of surveillance without the need for individualized suspicion, raising concerns over overreach.

Question 58

Rights being restricted:

How have rights been restricted? e.g. national security (use two examples)

Answer 58

Public Health and Pandemic Restrictions: The Coronavirus Act (2020):

The Coronavirus Act (2020) granted the UK government wide-ranging powers to impose lockdowns, restrict movement, and close businesses to curb the spread of COVID-19. While the law was justified as a necessary response to a public health emergency, it restricted civil liberties like the freedom to assemble and move freely. This set a difficult precedent for the balance between individual rights and the protection of public health, with ongoing debate over the necessity and scope of these restrictions.

Police, Crime, Sentencing, and Courts Bill (2021):

The Police, Crime, Sentencing, and Courts Bill, introduced during the pandemic, sought to grant the police broader powers to control protests and demonstrations. The bill sought to prevent protests from disrupting public life, especially in times of crisis, but many saw it as an infringement on the right to protest. Critics argued that it could lead to over-policing, limit public dissent, and disproportionately affect marginalized communities, sparking debates about the need to balance public order with the right to free expression.

Question 59

Rights being allowed:

How have rights not been restricted? e.g. freedom of speech an protest (use two examples)

Answer 59

Black Lives Matter Protests (2020):

Despite strict COVID-19 restrictions, the Black Lives Matter protests in 2020 saw widespread participation as people demanded action on racial inequality. The UK government encouraged people to adhere to safety protocols, but ultimately respected the right to protest, even if it meant potential exposure to the virus. This demonstrated a commitment to safeguarding the democratic right to protest, while attempting to balance that with public health considerations during an ongoing pandemic.

The Extinction Rebellion Protests (2019-2021):

Extinction Rebellion held a series of disruptive protests, calling for urgent government action on climate change, despite police attempts to restrict them. While their actions led to arrests and confrontations with law enforcement, the UK government continued to uphold legal protections for peaceful protestors. This reflected a broader recognition of the importance of activism and civil disobedience in influencing policy, even when protests disrupted public order, showing a commitment to freedom of expression.

Question 60

Rights being allowed:

How have rights not been restricted? e.g. preserving individual freedoms (use two examples)

Answer 60

The Human Rights Act (1998):

The Human Rights Act of 1998 was designed to protect fundamental civil liberties such as freedom of speech, the right to a fair trial, and the right to privacy. Even during national security concerns or public health emergencies, this Act served as a check on government power, ensuring that civil rights were not unnecessarily infringed upon. It was particularly crucial during events like the COVID-19 lockdowns, where the government’s potential overreach in imposing restrictions was kept in check by the Act’s protections.

Brexit and Freedom of Movement:

Post-Brexit, the UK reintroduced controls on immigration and freedom of movement, impacting citizens of the European Union. However, the UK government introduced provisions like the EU Settlement Scheme, allowing many EU citizens to retain their right to live and work in the UK, preserving individual freedoms despite the changes. This careful balancing of border control with respect for personal freedoms demonstrated the UK’s efforts to maintain civil liberties while exercising its newfound autonomy after leaving the EU.

Question 61

Are civil liberties protected in the UK:

How are civil liberties protected in the UK? e.g. right to privacy and protection from surveillance (use two examples)

Answer 61

The Human Rights Act (1998):

The Human Rights Act (1998) is a fundamental piece of legislation in the UK that guarantees the right to privacy under Article 8, which protects individuals from unjustified interference in their private and family life. In R v. Secretary of State for the Home Department (2008), the High Court ruled against the use of secret surveillance by the state, reinforcing the importance of privacy protections. This case demonstrated that the right to privacy could be defended in court, establishing legal boundaries for state surveillance powers to prevent unwarranted intrusions.

Judicial Oversight of Surveillance (2018):

In 2018, the European Court of Human Rights ruled that the UK’s mass data collection programs, such as Tempora, violated the right to privacy under the European Convention on Human Rights. The court found that the UK government lacked sufficient safeguards for personal data, leading to concerns about potential misuse of surveillance powers. In response, the UK government introduced new regulations requiring stricter judicial oversight of surveillance activities, aiming to protect individuals’ privacy while maintaining national security.

Question 62

Are civil liberties protected in the UK:

How are civil liberties protected in the UK? e.g. right to protest and freedom of expression (use two examples)

Answer 62

Black Lives Matter Protests (2020):

In 2020, during the COVID-19 pandemic, the UK government allowed the Black Lives Matter protests to take place, acknowledging the fundamental right to freedom of expression and assembly. Despite concerns about public health risks, such as the spread of the virus, the government did not directly ban the protests but focused on mitigating risks through social distancing measures. For example, large gatherings like the Trafalgar Square protest in June 2020 were allowed to proceed, and police ensured public safety while encouraging protesters to adhere to health guidelines.

Extinction Rebellion Protests (2019-2021):

Extinction Rebellion (XR), a climate action group, staged various protests between 2019 and 2021, including disruptive demonstrations like blocking roads and entrances to prominent locations. Despite these tactics, the UK government upheld the right to protest, understanding it as an essential form of democratic expression. In London, for instance, XR’s protests sparked national conversations about climate change, with the government largely allowing these protests to continue, even though some were met with police intervention. This showed that the UK government balanced the protection of civil liberties with the need to maintain order.

Question 63

Are civil liberties protected in the UK:

How are civil liberties not protected in the UK? e.g. erosion of privacy rights and mass surveillance (use two examples)

Answer 63

The Investigatory Powers Act (2016):

The Investigatory Powers Act, commonly known as the “Snooper’s Charter,” was passed in 2016 and significantly expanded government surveillance powers in the UK. This law allows authorities to collect and store communications data, including browsing history, emails, and phone calls, without the need for individual consent or suspicion of wrongdoing. Additionally, it grants powers for bulk interception of communications and hacking of devices without requiring a warrant in certain situations, sparking concerns that these measures undermine citizens’ privacy and provide the government with excessive monitoring abilities.

Facial Recognition Technology (2020):

In 2020, South Wales Police began using live facial recognition technology in public spaces like shopping centers and football matches, which raised alarm over privacy and surveillance practices. Critics argued that the technology, which tracks individuals without consent, could infringe upon the right to privacy and be used disproportionately against ethnic minorities. The Independent Office for Police Conduct (IOPC) raised concerns about the lack of regulation and safeguards in place, which led to fears of widespread, unaccountable surveillance of the public, undermining civil liberties.

Question 64

Are civil liberties protected in the UK:

How are civil liberties not protected in the UK? e.g. restrictions on freedom and the right to protest (use two examples)

Answer 64

The Police, Crime, Sentencing and Courts Bill (2021):

Introduced provisions that significantly restrict protests, particularly those deemed disruptive. It grants the police the power to impose noise limits, impose higher penalties for protest-related offenses, and even ban protests that cause significant disruption. Critics argue that the bill unfairly targets peaceful protest movements, particularly those focused on issues like social justice or climate change, and undermines the right to free speech and the ability to challenge government policies in a democratic society.

Anti-Lockdown Protests During COVID-19 (2020-2021):

During the COVID-19 pandemic, the UK government imposed strict lockdown measures to limit the spread of the virus, which included banning or severely restricting public protests. Anti-lockdown protests, such as those in London in November 2020, were broken up by police, and participants were fined for violating social distancing measures. Critics of the restrictions argued that while public health concerns were important, the measures disproportionately impacted the right to protest, raising concerns that the government was using the pandemic to suppress political opposition and dissent during a time of national crisis.