Democracy and Participation Flashcards
1
Q
What are the 7 stages of an election?
A
- invisible primary
- primaries and caucuses
- choosing VP candidates
- National Party Conventions
- General election campaign
- election day
- electoral college voting
2
Q
What are the requirements do become president?
A
- over 35
- natural born US citizen
- residency qualification of at least 14 years
3
Q
What is the invisible primary?
A
the time between a candidate announcing they are running and the start of the primaries and caucuses
4
Q
What is the significance of the invisible primary?
A
- gaining name recognition
- supports campaign organisation
- allows for the public to see who is likely to win the election
5
Q
Where is the invisible primary mostly played out?
A
the media
6
Q
What was weird about Trump?
A
he filed his intention to run for a second term on his first day in office
6
Q
What was weird about Trump?
A
he filed his intention to run for a second term on his first day in office
7
Q
How manty democrat candidates ran for the 2020 nomination?
A
29
8
Q
How manty democrat candidates ran for the 2020 nomination?
A
29
9
Q
When did Biden announce he would run?
A
25th April 2019
10
Q
Where is support for candidates mostly found?
A
in opinion polls
11
Q
What can be exposed during the invisible primary stage?
A
party divisions and wide scopes of ideas. For example, the public quarrel between Warren and Sanders in 2019.
12
Q
What did Warren accused Sander of?
A
the said he was a liar on national TV who made sexist comments
13
Q
Who were the final two candidates for the Democrat nomination?
A
Sanders and Biden
14
Q
Why is fundraising important in the invisible primary?
A
it brings about the ability to campaign and advertise which improves popularity and recognition.
15
Q
Which candidates have self financed?
A
Trump and Bloomberg
16
Q
How much did Biden spend in 2020?
A
$116 million
17
Q
How much did Bloomberg spend in 2020?
A
$409 million to not even make the final two.
18
Q
What is the conventional view about the invisible primary?
A
being the front runner at the end likely means you will get the nomination
19
Q
In the 2016 election what was the situation with the frontrunners like?
A
Clinton had a 14 point lead over Sanders and got the candidacy
Trump had a 16 point lead over Cruz and won
20
Q
Describe the frontrunner situation for the democrats in 2020.
A
Biden was ahead in nearly all the polls although Sanders had raised far more money than anyone/
21
Q
What is a presidential primary?
A
a state-based election to choose a party candidate to become president
22
Q
What is a presidential caucus?
A
a series of state-based meetings to choose the presidential candidate
23
Q
Give examples of states that hold caucuses.
A
Usually geographically large but with a small popular. Iowa, Nevada and North Dakota
24
How many caucuses were held in 2016?
Democrat - 14
Republican - 10
25
Which type of candidate generally does well in caucuses?
ideologically based ones
26
What happened at the 2020 Iowa caucus?
results were delayed for 3 days due to issues with a new app and it was found that some votes were not counted
27
What are the 2 functions of the primaries?
- showing popularity
- choosing delegates for NPCs
28
Why do states want to be early on in the primaries?
this is the most important time and therefore they are likely to get more attention
29
Which state always goes early in the primaries?
New Hampshire
30
What is Super Tuesday?
a Tuesday in Feb or early March when many states coincide their primaries in order to gain influence
31
When was the first Super Tuesday?
1988
32
What are closed primaries?
only registered party members can vote in them
33
What are open primaries?
anyone can vote
34
What do open primaries allow?
cross-party voting. For example, a Republican can vote for the Democrat nominee
35
How do candidates win delegates?
it is done in relation to the proportion of votes they get at the primary
36
What happens with the primaries when there is an incumbent?
they have little to no coverage
37
What is a National Party Convention?
a meeting held every 4 years by the 2 major parties to selected P and VP candidates.
38
Why was the 2020 NPC difficult?
COVID
39
When are NPCs usually held?
the summer of the election year
40
What are the 3 formal functions of the NPC?
- choosing the presidential candidate
- choosing the VP candidate
- deciding the party platform
41
Outline the NPC function of choosing the presidential candidate.
it is done via a roll-call in which each state delegate announces the candidate they will vote for although it is almost always known who will win.
42
What happened with Biden's nomination in 2020?
he had the support of 2687 delegates which far surpassed the 1991 he needed
43
For how long have NPCs not chosen the VP?
about 20 years
44
Outline the NPC function of deciding the party platform.
it contains the policies that will be pursued if they become president. In 2020, the Democrats created a 90 page document based on their key pledges including improvements to healthcare.
45
What are the informal functions of the NPCs?
- promoting party unity
- enthusing the party faithful
- enthusing ordinary voters
46
How can NPCs promote party unity?
the primaries and time before it can create divisions in the party. this was seen by Biden and Harris who exchanged some nasty remarks. however, the NPC is a time to show strength together.
47
For which remark was Biden critisied?
when he was patronising to the 54 year old experienced Senator by saying 'go easy on me kid.'
48
How can NPCs enthuse the party faithful?
it is vital that the party is motivated and therefore ready to campaign throughout the next 9 weeks before the election
49
How can the NPC enthuse normal voters?
can be done through TV, voters usually only begin to pay attention to the election after the candidates have been chosen and it is a good chance for them to see the party policy.
50
What is the post convention bounce?
often a candidate will enjoy a poll increase after their speech at the NPC. it is generally good publicity for the party. however, many people think that this is not a good indicator of who will win.
51
In which ways are NPCs still important?
- only time parties meet together
- promotes unity
- enthuse members and activists
- introduce candidates
- voters start paying attention now
- many decide who to vote for now
52
In which ways are NPCs not important?
- VP candidate is already known
- party platform has already mostly been agreed to
- TV coverage is reducing
- more for publicity
- the absence in 2020 did not have much impact
53
What were the key battleground states in 2020?
Florida, Arizona, Ohio, Michigan
54
What is the focus of the period between the NPC and the election day?
campaigning and trying to gain as much popularity and publicity as possible
55
When is election day?
the Tuesday after the first Monday of November
56
When do polls close on election day?
7pm
57
What is the electoral college?
the institution established by the founding fathers to elect the president and vice president indirectly
58
In 2020, how much of the popular vote did the candidates win?
Biden - 81 million
Trump - 74 million
59
How do you know how many electoral college votes a state is awarded?
it is equal to their number of reps in Congress. It will be their 2 Senators as well as the House reps.
60
In 2020, how many electoral college votes did California and Wyoming have?
California - 55 (2+53)
Wyoming - 3 (2+1)
61
How many electoral college votes are there?
538
62
How many votes do they need to win?
270
63
Which 2 states do not operate the winner takes all system?
Maine and Nebraska - done based on constituencies
64
How do the Electors cast their votes?
they meet in their state capitals in early Dec and send all their results to the VP who must announce them in early Jan.
65
Which moment happened when announcing the result of the 2020 election?
Jan 6th storming the Capitol
66
What would happen if the electoral college was split?
The HOR would pick the president - each state could have one vote
The Senate picks to VP
An absolute majority is needed in both.
67
When was the last time an electoral college did not get a winner?
1824
68
What does Trump think about the electoral college?
it is great for him when he wins by not getting the popular vote. however, it is terrible when he loses by getting fewer votes.
69
In California, how many votes did Biden need to secure one electoral college vote?
308,000
70
In Wyoming how many votes did Trump win to secure one electoral college vote?
120,000
71
Why are there different amounts of votes needed?
the system is not proportional and Republicans benefit from smaller states while Democrats lose out in larger states.
72
What is campaign finance?
the funds that a candidate requires to run their election campaign
73
What is soft money?
money donated indirectly to parties therefore it is less regulated
74
What is hard money?
money donated directly with tighter restrictions
75
Why is campaign finance so controversial?
some people believe that the more money a candidate raises, the more successful they are.
76
What happened in 1974?
The Federal Election Campaign Act limited the amount of money that individuals and groups could give to candidates.
77
What was ruled in 1976?
in Buckley v Valeo it was ruled that limiting donations violated the 1st amendment
78
What was increasingly allowed after 1979?
soft money
79
What are matching funds?
federal money given out by the FEC for candidates who meet certain criteria.
80
What happened in 2008?
Obama rejected matching funds and was still able to outraise his opponent who took $84 million in matching funds.
81
What was the situation with matching funds in 2012?
neither candidates took it
82
What was the McCain-Feingold Act 2002?
- national party committees were banned from raising or spending soft money
- set individual contributions to a max of $2300 to go up with inflation
- banned foreign contributions
- Stand By Your Ad
83
What happened in Citizens United v FEC 2010?
The SC ruled 5-4 that the McCain-Feingold Act violated freedoms in the 1st amendment. They allowed for PACs and Super PACs to donate money still.
84
What is a PAC?
a political community that raises limited amounts of money for a candidate
85
What is a Super Pac?
a political committee that makes independent expenditures
86
What happened in McCutcheon v FEC 2014?
It meant that the cap was higher and individuals could now donate $2800 to as many candidates as they want.
87
How many Super PACs were registered in 2020?
2197
88
What did the House Majority PAC do in 2020?
spent $138 million on attacking Republicans and $5 million on supporting Democrats
89
What did the Senate Leadership Fund PAC do in 2020?
raised $309 million and most of this was spent attacking Democrat candidates.
90
How much did Bloomberg spend?
about $1 billion backing himself and other Democrat candidates
91
How much did Trump raise for the 2016 election?
$340 million
92
How much did Clinton raise in 2016?
$581 million
93
What does the difference in amounts from Clinton and Trump show?
finance doesn't equate to a win
94
How much was spent in total on the 2018 midterms?
$5.2 bllion
95
What was interesting about the 2020 election?
it broke all campaign finance records
96
What is dark money?
money where the source is secret. Only 30% of donations were fully disclosed.
97
What are the arguments to suggest that money influences election outcomes?
- Biden outraised Trump
- In 2020, the Republican for Arizona, McSally was outraised by $30 million and lost
- all candidates highlight the importance of funding
- superior funding allows for a better campaign
98
Which arguments suggest that money does not influence election outcomes?
- Clinton outraised Trump and lost
- the ability to raise large funds often indicates a good candidate
- a larger war chest is only one factor in the final outcome
99
Which 3 places does campaign money go?
- organisation - salaries consumed 10% of what Biden raised
- campaigning - travel and advert expenditure
- media - 80% of Biden's money on ads
100
Which percentage of incumbent president's who ran for re-election have won?
69%
101
How many of the last 12 elections have had an incumbent?
8
102
What are the 6 advantages of being an incumbent president?
- name recognition
- fundraising - more likely to win so get more money
- single candidate - face little primary challenge
- executive position
- experience
- risk aversion - usually works
103
What are the limits to incumbency?
- if you are a failing president with a divided govt, it does not look good
- unforeseen events don't help - Trump and COVID-19, it highlighted that he was not a good president
104
What was the highest and lowest incumbency rate in the House?
highest - 2000: 97.8%
lowest - 2010: 85.4%
105
How does fundraising change as an incumbent?
it is far higher - often over 7 or 8 times as much
106
What is is coattails effect?
when a strong candidate helps another candidate get elected
107
Give an example of a coattails effect
Reagan helped Republicans get 33 seats in the House and 12 in the Senate
108
What were Trump's coattails?
Pat Toomey and Ron Johnson
109
What happened in 2020?
Trump did less well but Republican candidates frequently outperformed him.
110
What happened in Maine in 2020?
43.5% voted for Trump but 50.6% voted for their Republican Senator, Susan Collins. This is likely due to the strength of her local position.
111
In 2020, which % of voters from both parties said that climate change was important to their vote?
D - 88
R -23
112
Which 2 ideas are Republicans a mix of?
neo-conservatism and neo-liberalism
113
What do Republicans want to preserve?
the organic society that develops slowly with time
114
What are some current Republican beliefs?
- nuclear family is the best
- guns should be allowed
- anti-abortion
- anti-immigrants
- strong Christian beliefs
- ant-transgender
115
What do the Republican party current favour?
protection of US jobs but getting rid of high taxes and state intervention
116
What was Trump's position on climate change?
he did not believe in it. this was shown by his withdrawal from the Paris agreement in 2017. they also wanted to increase oil production in Alaska
117
What did the Republican party reject?
The American Recovery and reinvestment Act 2009 that aimed to help with bouncing back from the financial crisis.
118
Who are Patricia and Mark McCloskey?
2 Republicans who brandished their weapons on their front lawn against protestors.
119
How did the Republicans approach foreign policy.
With an America First attitude which saw them adopting several policies to boost the position of the US.
120
Which recent legislation was not in line with traditional Republican policy?
CARES Act 2020
121
How did Trump impact upon the Republicans?
- he adopted his America First FP
- was willing to start a tariff war with China
- prioritised immigration
- cut taxes
121
How did Trump impact upon the Republicans?
- he adopted his America First FP
- was willing to start a tariff war with China
- prioritised immigration
- cut taxes
122
What are key Democrat ideas?
- climate change activists
- support LGBTQ+
- more welcoming to immigrants
- softer FP
- better healthcare and welfare
123
Give some examples of the Democrats being progressive.
Voting Rights Act 1965
support Black Lives Matter
Repealing 'Don't ask, don't tell'
Reversing trans military ban
Fighting against abortion ban
124
What type of state do Democrats support?
enabling
125
Give some recent Democrat economic policies.
- $787 billion stimulus after the financial crash
- bipartisanship on CARES act
- favour increased taxes
126
How do Democrats view welfare?
essential - they supported Obamacare and a 'war on poverty'. they do not believe in excessive inequality
127
Which policies do Democrats generally support?
- abortion rights
- gun control
- taxes
- welfare
- environment
128
Which policies do Republicans generally support?
- tough on crime
- limit abortion
- gun access
- death penalty
129
What are the key values of the Democrat liberal faction?
- social and racial justice
- LGBTQ+ rights
- free college education
- environmental rights
- medicare
130
What are the key names of the Democrat liberal faction?
Bernie Sanders, Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez
131
What are the key values of the Democrat moderate faction?
- a public option for healthcare
- making college affordable
- boosting minority rights
- tax reforms
- climate change
132
Who are they key names of the Democrat moderate faction?
Biden and the Clintons
133
What are the key features of the Democrat conservative faction?
- socially conservative
- less keen on social progression
- keen to reach compromise with Republicans
- many voted against Obamacare
134
Who are the key members of the Democrat conservative faction?
Joe Manchin and Jim Cooper
135
What are the key features of the Republican moderate faction?
- less socially conservative
- advocate for a bigger role of the economy
- unwilling to repeal Obamacare
- more sympathetic to immigrants
136
Who are the key members of the moderate Republican faction?
Susan Collins and John Katko
137
What are the key features of the Republican fiscal conservative faction?
- reduce govt spending
- advocates for small govt
- supports balances budget
- repeal Obamacare
138
Who is in the Republican fiscal conservative faction?
Rand Paul and Andy Briggs
139
What are the key features of the Republican socially conservative faction?
- pro-life
- prayers in school
- gun rights
140
Who is the in republican socially conservative faction?
Ted Cruz and Mike Pence
141
In 2020, what % of men voted for Trump or Biden?
Trump - 53%
Biden -47%
142
In 2020, what % of women voted for Trump or Biden?
Trump - 42%
Biden - 57%
143
In 2020, what % of white people voted for Trump or Biden?
trump -58%
Biden - 41%
144
In 2020, what % of black people voted for Trump or Biden?
Trump - 12%
Biden - 87%
145
In 2020, what % of white evangelicals voted for Trump or Biden?
Trump - 76%
Biden - 24%
146
What is the trend with ethnicity and voting behaviour?
-Black people almost always vote for Democrats - over 80%
- Bush tried to gain some of the Hispanic vote. Although, they usually opt for the Democrats.
147
How did Trump's leadership impact the Hispanic vote?
he was totally anti-Mexico and called Mexicans rapists but more than a quarter of Hispanic men voted for Trump.
148
Which area is linked mostly with voting and religion?
the bible belt
149
What is especially important for white evangelicals?
that strict constructionist get appts on the SC.
150
How did Donald Trump get the support of the white evangelicals?
by promising the right SC appts and brandishing a bible at a rally to show his support
151
How did Democrat support from evangelicals change?
from 5% in Georgia for Clinton to 14% for Biden
152
Why do Catholics no longer offer much support to Democrats?
their support for abortion
153
Why did most Muslims vote for Biden?
they have a traditional bias towards the democrats but also Trump was very anti-Islam,
154
Which percentage of Atheists voted for Biden?
72%
155
What is the trend with gender and voting?
women are far more likely to vote democrat
156
Why is it thought that women support the Democrats?
their position on female equality, abortion access and Trump's disgusting comments about women
157
What did Trump say about women?
'when you're a star, they let you do anything.'
158
What is the correlation between education or voting?
those who never attended college are more likely to vote Republican
159
Which percentage of white, non-college educated men voted for trump in 2020?
70%
160
What is the difference between red and blue America?
red America is the Republicans and blue is the Democrats.
161
What is changing in red and blue states?
it is not so polarised - Biden won in both Georgia and Arizona - both traditionally red states
162
What are interest groups?
an organised body whose members hold similar beliefs and actively pursue influecing govt.
163
What are access points?
places or institutions where interest groups can go to get their views heard. these include federal govt and congressional committees
164
What is pluarlism?
a theory that political power is distributed amongst everyone
165
What is elitism?
a theory that political power rests with a small number
166
What is a sectional group?
a group who represents a section of society. for example, American Business Conference. it also includes professional groups such as American Bar Association
167
What are casual groups?
campaigning for a certain issue. this would be something like the NRA or Mothers Against Drunk Driving.
168
How do Americans feel about interest groups?
they participate in them much more than those from most other nations
169
Which other groups are similar to American interest groups?
think tanks
170
What are the 4 main functions of interest groups?
- representation
- citizen partnership
- agenda building
- programme monitoring
171
Outline how interest groups support representation
- represent grievances and problems
- link between politicians and public
- narrower interests than parties
172
Outline how interest groups support citizen participation.
- increases political participation
- many Americans enjoy participation
- interest groups allow for involvement in areas they value often
173
Outline how interest groups support agenda building.
- bring together different parts of US society
- attempt to influence policy
- between 2010 and 2018, over 400 abortion bills introduced in 41 states were largely copied from interest groups.
174
Outline how interest groups support programme monitoring.
- scrutinise and hold to account the govt
- NRA was hugely influential in Trump's presidency.
175
What was the income of the IRA in 2018?
$412 million
176
How much did the IRA give to Trump in 2020?
almost $10 million
177
How has EMILY's List impacted the Democrats?
raised about $600 million since 1985
178
What is the membership of the NRA?
5 million
179
How much did the membership of EMILY's list change?
increased 60,000 2016-20
180
How do interest groups use electioneering and endorsement?
- affiliating themselves to PACS and SUPER PACS to make donations.
- actively supporting or opposing candidates
181
How do interest groups use voting cues and scorecards?
- they provide voters and legislators with advice to make sure that they vote the correct way on an issue.
182
How do interest groups use organising grassroots activities?
- demonstrations that draw attention to them
- send out things to their phones and emails
- can be aimed it the WH too
183
How do interest groups use legal challenges?
Brown v Topeka was a good example of this
184
What was the total federal lobbying income in 2016?
$3.1 billion
185
Which other methods do pressure groups use?
protests and sit-ins
186
What are the advantages of the invisible primary?
visibility and support for candidates
allows for a wide range of candidates
scrutiny
187
What are the disadvantages of the invisible primary?
lack of serious debate
dependent of funds
voter apathy
hidden scandals
188
What is the advantage of primaries and caucuses?
supports federalism
189
What are the disadvantages of primaries and caucuses?
voter apathy
undemocratic
190
What are the advantages of NPCs?
set the narrative
publicise the candidate
191
What are the negatives of the NPCs?
few major decisions taken
soundbite coverage
192
What are the strengths of the electoral college?
preserves the voice of smaller states
reflects the federal nature of the USA
promotes a two horse races
other alternatives may not work
193
What are the weaknesses of the electoral college?
small states are over represented
winner takes all system is disproportionate
unfair to third parties
could get a P and VP from different parties
rogue voters
194
What is a rogue voter?
an electoral college member who does not vote with their constituency
195
Give an example of a disproportionate election outcome
trump got 3 million votes fewer than Clinton
196
What would be the replacement for the EC?
- direct election. 72% of Washington Post readers agreed this was a good idea.
- congressional district system that removes the winner takes all approach in states - still not proportional
- proportional system - would abolish the current system which would never happen
197
Why has the electoral college not been changed?
- no good replacement
- would increase 3rd party support
- current system shows federalism
- other reforms are currently more pressing
198
Which arguments suggest that PACs and Super PACs are not benefitting democracy?
- the amounts are spiralling out of control. Super PACs raised $1.2 billion in 2020
- race is now focused on money
- organisations are linked with powerful interest groups
199
What arguments suggest that PACs and Super PACs are benefitting democracy?
- the Citizens United vs FEC 2010 ruling said that is it good for democracy and freedom of speech
- they increase electoral competition
- often, the most popular candidate has the most money
- finance does not directly correlate to a winner.
200
What was the situation with finance in 2020?
Democrats - $6.9 billion
Republicans - $3.8 billion
201
Why has campaign finance hardly been reformed?
- 1st amendment
- SC rulings
- regulation is in the hands of Congress - who benefit from these funds
- reform would require bipartisan cooperation
202
How do interest groups impact Congress?
- lobbying members
- lobbying congressional committees
- organising constituents
- publicising voting records of candidates
203
How do interest groups impact the executive?
- seek ties with relevant departments
- influence policy
- access regulatory work
204
How do interest groups impact the judiciary?
- take interest in the nomination
- bring relevant cases before the court eg NRA and DC vs Heller 2008
205
In which ways are interest groups positive for democracy?
- provide legislators with info
- bring about policy debate
- provide representation
- broaden participation
- increase accountability
- enhances freedom of speech and association
206
In which ways are interest groups negative for democracy?
- provide one-sided info
- not all equal
- can have too much power
- only represent a narrow interest
- use inappropriate action
207
How is the party system in the UK and US similar/ different?
- both dominated by 2 parties
- US is solely a one party system
- UK is a multiple party system with 2 main parties - this is due to a large amount of recent political change and devolution
208
How is the party unity in the UK and US similar/ different?
- both main parties have factions
- both main parties have a large spectrum of beliefs
- factions can be positive and negative in both
- party unity is culturally more significant in the UK.
209
Which areas of policy do the Republicans and Conservatives agree on?
- dislike of big govt
- lower tax
- strong law and order
- immigration
- high defence spending
210
Which policy area do Labour and Democrats agree on?
- stress on rights of minorities
- environment
- equality
- progressive
- more tax
211
What are the policy differences between the Republicans and Conservatives?
- abortion
- same sex marriage
- national healthcare
- death penalty
212
Which 2 parties are closest aligned?
Democrats and Labour.
213
How is the party funding in the UK and US similar/ different?
- both have scandals
- amounts is way more in the US
- UK has had no huge laws or rulings on finance
- both have tried state funding - the US in the 1970s and the UK with short money
214
How is the pressure group system in the UK and US similar/ different?
- UK they are more restricted
- US has more access points
- UK they have no influence over any candidates
- they are formal links between groups and parties in both
- lobbying for both - with varied focus
- both have grassroots activities
215
What influences the success of an interest group?
- size
- funds
- govt position
- public opinion
- counter position
216
How can the rational approach be use for party systems?
- US diversity creates the polarisation and broad parties
- to win national office in the US you need wide support
- both countries have parties with reason to resist electoral change
- neither country has voters who want to cast a wasted vote
217
How can the cultural approach be used for party systems?
- the culture of nationalism in the UK
- growing UK Euroscepticism
- the UK with its own distinct cultures
- north-south divides
- the USA is far more diverse
218
How can the rational approach be used for party systems?
-the FPTP encourages a two party system
- the UK uses different systems
- both of the US chambers are elected
- the president is elected separately
- US has more focus on personal rather than national politics
219
How can the rational approach be used for party factions?
- makes sense to accommodate tension so to seem united
- want to appeal to many voters
- the huge dominance of the parties in the US keeps them together
220
How can the cultural approach be used for party factions?
- main parties have always had divides
- Brexit in the UK
221
How can the structural approach be use for party factions?
- US parties are less centralised and organised
- UK is far smaller
- many parties have leading figure within their own party
- it makes more structural sense to stay in your faction than to try to dominate
222
How can the rational approach be used for party policy?
- both want to adopt a policy that appeals to a wide range fo voters
223
How can the cultural approach be used for party factions?
- they reflect the background and history of the party
- resemble to cultural landscape of their country
- for example, the 2nd amendment and Republicans
224
How can the structural approach be used for party factions?
- centralised in the UK but not in the US.
225
How can the rational approach be used for party funding?
- incentive in both countries to make donations
226
How can the cultural approach be used for party funding?
- neither has a long tradition of crazy funds
- free democracy and speech emphasised
- the increase is making it harder for new parties
227
How can the structural approach be used for party funding?
- both have laws against it
- the US has the Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act 2002 and the UK has the Political Parties, Elections and Referendums Act 2000.
228
How can the rational approach be used for interest groups?
- rational to recruit lobbyists
- in pursuit of their interests
- target legislators or members of the exec
- align their interests with an important message
229
How can the cultural approach be used for interest groups?
- history of trade unions
- increasing participation
- feeling their interests are heard
- standing up for rights
230
How can the structural approach be used for interest groups?
- varied access points
- centralisation vs larger nation
- insider and outsider
- both require certain factors for success.
