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Politics > Democracy > Flashcards

Democracy Flashcards

1
Q

Why is it argued that UK judges have less power than other judges when it comes to protecting human rights?

A

Judges have less power to protect the liberties of UK citizens than is the case for judges in liberal democracies which have a codified constitution and where judges can strike down legislation if it conflicts with the law of the constitution.

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2
Q

Cliff Richard

A

1986, accused of sexual assault. Freedom of speech vs privacy.

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3
Q

Max Mosley

A

In 2008 it was falsely reported that he had attended a “Nazi-themed” sex orgy. £60,000 in privacy action against the news of the world. Freedom of speech vs. Privacy.

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4
Q

What is judicial review?

A

Judicial review is a type of court proceeding in which a judge reviews the lawfulness of a decision or action made by a public body. In other words, judicial reviews are a challenge to the way in which a decision has been made, rather than the rights and wrongs of the conclusion reached.

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5
Q

Investigatory powers act 2016

A

Authorizes the retention of personal electronic data and it’s access for law enforcement.

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6
Q

Terrorism act 2006

A

Extended the time terrorist suspects can be held without charge to 28 days and made ‘glorifying terrorism’ a crime.

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7
Q

Anti-Terrorism Crime and Security Act 2001

A

Gave the government the legal power to imprison foreign terrorist suspects indefinitely without trial.

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8
Q

Article 15

A

Derogation in time of emergency.

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9
Q

Article 5

A

Right to liberty and security.

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10
Q

Article 4

A

Prohibition of slavery and forced labor.

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11
Q

Equality act (2010)

A

Legally protects people from discrimination in the workplace and wider society.

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12
Q

Bill of rights (1689)

A

Established the principles of frequent parliaments, free elections and freedom of speech within parliament- known today as parliamentary privilege.

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13
Q

The human rights act (1998)

A

Gives legal protection of your human rights, such as the right to a fair trial.

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14
Q

The magna carta (1215)

A

The first document to put into writing that the king and his government was not above the law.

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15
Q

Why was David Cameron’s lobbying on behalf of Greensill Capital controversial?

A

He was accused of trying to exploit private contracts with former government colleagues for his own benefit. They used private channels to lobby ministers and former colleagues. However, everything they did was legal.

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16
Q

What’s one advantage and disadvantage of lobbyists?

A

By grouping individual goals together into a lobbying aim, lobbyists represent the interests of many and are more likely to be heard by legislatures than if they came bearing the concerns of one voter. Many benefit small interest groups in an excessive manner.

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17
Q

What are lobbyists?

A

A person who is employed and receives payment, or contracts for economic consideration for the purpose of lobbying.

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18
Q

What’s one advantage and one disadvantage of think tanks?

A

Force people to argue and become aware of their own biases. Provide a platform to introduce new ideas. Think tanks can have too much influence and become too closely dependent on the government.

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19
Q

Why could it be argued that pressure groups can reduce the democratic deficit?

A

Because they engage the public and get them to take more of an active role in politics and let them have more of a say in the political process.

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20
Q

What does RIPE stand for?

A

Pressure groups are often successful because of these factors:
Resources
Ideological compatibility with government
Popularity
Expertise

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21
Q

How has the RMT trade union sought to further its aims in 2022?

A

The National Union of Rail, Maritime and transport workers is a progressive, democratic and professional trade union. Rail strikes took place.

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22
Q

How did the poll tax riots in 1990 use civil disobedience to further their aims?

A

Protest marches and riots took place as well as groups encouraging non-payment. This demonstrated their opposition.

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23
Q

What is an outsider group?

A

No special links to government, resorting to public opinion campaigns.

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24
Q

what is an insider group?

A

Consulted by the government regularly and is inside the decision making process.

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25
Q

What is a promotional pressure group?

A

A set of shared values or attitudes. Advance causes based on ideals and principles. E.g., BLM

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26
Q

What is a sectional pressure group?

A

A sectional group is a pressure group which promotes the interests of a particular section of society. E.g., the national farmers union.

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27
Q

What are differences between the Suffragists and Suffragettes?

A

Suffragists began campaigning before Suffragettes. Millicent Garrett Fawcett led the Suffragists and believed in non-violent campaigning. Emmeline Pankhurst believed in “deeds not words,” she led the Suffragettes who took a more extreme approach. Suffragettes worse green, white and violet sashes- give women votes. Suffragists wore green, white and red sashes- give women rights.

28
Q

Who can not vote in UK parliamentary elections?

A

Anyone under the age of 18.
The homeless.
Those who are not British citizens
Convicted prisoners.
People guilty of election-related crimes.

29
Q

What do ‘franchise’ and ‘suffrage’ mean?

A

The right to vote

30
Q

What did the EU withdrawl act do? (2018)

A

Provides for both the repeal of the European communities Act 1972, and for parliamentary approval to be required for any withdrawal agreement to be negotiated between the EU and UK. First time we’ve seen a loss of voting rights.

31
Q

What did the Scottish referendum act do? (2013)

A

Gave the right to vote to those 16 and over.

32
Q

What did the representation of the people act do? (1969)

A

Reduced the voting age from 21 to 18.

33
Q

What did the representation of the people act do? (1928)

A

Granted equal voting rights to men and women.

34
Q

What did the representation of the people act do? (1918)

A

Granted the right to vote to women over the age of 30 who met a property qualification. All men over the age of 21 could vote.

35
Q

What was the great reform act? (1832)

A

Formal exclusion of women from voting in parliamentary elections, as a voter in the act was described as a male person. The majority of working class men could still not vote.

36
Q

What happens if you don’t vote in Belgium?

A

If you fail to vote in at least 4 elections, you can lose the right to vote for 10 years. Non-voters might also face difficulties getting a job in the public sector.

37
Q

What does Lucy Powell’s election in the 2012 Manchester Central by-election tell us?

A

Turnout of just over 18%, she took 69% of the votes. Shows a democratic deficit.

38
Q

Why is Russia an illiberal democracy?

A

Cut off from knowledge about the activities of those that exercise power because of the lack of civil liberties, thus it does not constitute an open society.

39
Q

Why is Turkey an illiberal democracy?

A

The public votes, but the government does little for minorities and individual freedoms.

40
Q

Why is Hungary an illiberal democracy?

A

Not allowed to criticize the government, Orban can rule of an indefinite amount of time.

41
Q

What are four features of liberal democracy?

A

Tolerance and respect.
Democracy.
Rule of law.
Individual liberty.

42
Q

Whys American society a pluralist democracy?

A

American society is a modern-day example of pluralism. In a pluralistic society, power is held by multiple groups who compete for control of decision making organisations.

43
Q

What is an example of a successful use of the Recall of MPs Act in 2015?

A

When Fiona Onasanya had a criminal conviction. She was found guilty of lying to avoid a speeding ticket.

44
Q

When have consultative exercises been used?

A

Communities which will be affected have been consulted over the expansion of Heathrow and the HS2 link.

45
Q

When have e-petitions been used?

A

1.6million signed a petition to stop Donald Trump coming to the UK.

46
Q

What are examples of referendums?

A

Brexit, Scottish independence, alternative vote referendum.

47
Q

What are think tanks?

A

A body of experts brought together to collectively focus on a certain topic- to investigate and offer solutions to often complicated and seemingly intractable economic, social or political issues.

48
Q

What is a democratic deficit?

A

A flaw in the democratic process where decisions are taken by people who lack legitimacy, not having been appointed with sufficient democratic input or subject to accountability.

49
Q

What was the voter turnout at the 2019 general election?

A

67.3%

50
Q

What happens if you don’t vote in Singapore?

A

Subjected to disenfranchisement.

51
Q

What happens if you don’t vote in Brazil?

A

You will get a fine.

52
Q

Formal politics

A

Occurs inside political institutions. E.g, voting, joining political parties.

53
Q

Informal politics

A

Occurs outside of political institutions. E.g, pressure groups

54
Q

What did Lincoln say about democracy?

A

“of the people, by the people, for the people.”

55
Q

Participation crisis

A

A lack of engagement by a significant number of citizens to relate to the political process either by choosing not to vote or to join or become members of political parties or to offer themselves for public office.

56
Q

Proportional representation

A

Proportional representation is where the percentage of the vote a party gets, is the percentage they represent in government.

57
Q

pluralist democracy

A

In a pluralist democracy those in power only make decisions after listening to a range of different people and groups.

58
Q

Civic society

A

A body or society of people that want to represent the needs of people, often voluntary.

59
Q

In the US, what’s been a strategy for winning elections?

A

To talk badly about the government and highlight all the issues.

60
Q

John Stuart Mill’s ‘night watchmen, state’

A

Too small to infringe on individuals freedom, but efficient enough to be functional and useful.

61
Q

Welfare state

A

The state should provide education, healthcare and unemployment insurance.

62
Q

Social representation

A

Social representation is the activity in which individuals and groups engage to make sense of changes in their physical and social environment.

63
Q

Burkean representation

A

Representatives use their superior knowledge and experience to act for the people.

64
Q

Representative democracy

A

Where citizens choose others to represent them, making important decisions on their behalf. It is also called ‘indirect democracy’.

65
Q

Direct democracy

A

Where citizens are granted the right to speak and vote on all issues, With the majority view becoming law.

Politics (10 decks)

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