Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Neurology > Dementia Lecture Powerpoint > Flashcards

Dementia Lecture Powerpoint Flashcards

1
Q

Most common type of dementia in patients >65 years old

A

Alzheimer’s disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Dementia definition

A

Syndrome characterized by progressive loss of cognitive functions that interfere with patients daily living as well as anterograde amnesia (cannot learn new things and have difficulty with language, abstract reasoning, judgement, visuospatial processing, etc)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is NOT affected in dementia but is in delirium? (2 things)

A

Arousal and alertness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Short term memory is stored in the ___, long term memory is stored in the ___ and acquired via ____. Remote memory (>6 months to years) is stored in the ___, no longer requiring ____ for retrieval

A

Pre-frontal cortex, hippocampus, rehearsal, neo-cortex, hippocampus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Alzheimer’s disease epidemiology

A

1 in 9 people age 65 and older, 1/3 age 85 and older, mean survival is 8-10 years from onset without treatment, but 15+ with treatment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Alzheimer’s disease Risk factors, which is the greatest? (4)

A
  • Age (greatest)
  • Family and genetics
  • Past head trauma
  • Lifestyle and heart health
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Alzheimer’s disease clinical features (5)

A
  • Anosgnosia (loss of awareness of one’s own deficits)
  • memory dysfunction
  • personality change
  • psychiatric disturbance
  • late stage motor involvement
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Clinical course of alzheimer’s disease

A

Mild: memory/orientation
Moderate: activities of daily living
Severe: behavioral disorders, nutrition, hygiene

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Alzheimer’s effect on memory

A

-Immediate and short term are affected first, remote not impaired until disease advances

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Apraxia

A

loss or impairment of ability to execute complex coordinated movement usually a later finding of alzheimer’s disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Sundowning theory

A

Theorized to be due to remote memory remaining in an alzheimer’s patient despite lack of short term memory causing them to be triggered at certain points later in the day to be confused as to why their routine from their remote memory is interrupted leading to distress

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Alzheimer’s disease diagnostic criteria (5)

A
  • progression over 6 months
  • anterograde amnesia
  • multiple cognitive deficits
  • impairment in functioning
  • other conditions ruled out
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Best diagnostic study for mild cognitive impairment

A

Montreal cognitive Assessment (MOCA) (better than the mini mental status exam)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Alzheimer’s diagnostic studies (5)

A
  • CBC, electrolytes, TSH, B12 (checking if infection or other cause for symptoms in elderly)
  • CT or MRI (rule out)
  • EEG (rule out nonconvulsive seizures)
  • Lumbar puncture (not routine, rule out metastatic cancer, hydrocephalus, etc)
  • Genetic councilor referral (amyloid ligand PET imaging not typically covered by insurance)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

There is no ____ for screening for Alzheimer’s

A

Gold standard

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Alzheimer’s disease is a diagnosis of…

A

…exclusion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

MRI findings Alzheimer’s disease (2)

A
  • Diffuse cerebral atrophy in frontal, temporal, and parietal lobes
  • Hippocampal atrophy
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Microscopic findings of Alzheimer’s disease (3)

A
  • Neurofibrillary tangles in hippocampus
  • neuritic plaques containing amyloid in cortical cells
  • granular-vacular degernation of neurons especially in hippocampus
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Alzheimer’s disease pathophysiology

A

-Reduced amount of acetycholine and reduced activity in entire cholinergic pathway (basal forebrain to cortex and hippocampus)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Treatment for Alzheimer’s is ____ not ____

A

palliative (preservative), curative

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Drugs to slow progression of Alzheimer’s (2)

A
  • Acetycholine and butylcholine esterase inhibitors

- N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonists (NMDA)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Alzheimer’s disease admission criteria (5)

A
  • acute illness cannot be managed by patient or caregivers at home
  • short term admission for eval and adjustment to psychotropic meds
  • short term respite care
  • long term care facility if cannot be provided at home
  • hospice care if <6 months
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Mild cognitive impairment in alzheimer’s disease treatment (4)

A
  • pharmacologic treatment not effective!
  • exercise
  • cognitive interventions
  • long term planning
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Moderate cognitive impairment in alzheimer’s disease treatment (3)

A
  • cholinesterase inhibitors recommended but benefit is modest
  • vit E supplementation
  • exercise
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Severe cognitive impairment in alzheimer's disease treatment (4)
- Cholinesterase inhibitors - Memantine - antipsychotics to treat severe agitation and psychosis if dangerous - management of comfort
26
Alzheimer's disease medications do not....
....work well for everyone
27
Vascular dementia definition
Dementia brought on by either multiple or singular (rare) infarcts decreasing adequate blood flow to the brain (ischemia, not necessarily stroke), begins as mild changes and worsens gradually leading to cumulative damage
28
Vascular dementia epidemiology
2nd most common cause of dementia, prevalence rises steeply with age
29
Vascular dementia risk factors (4)
- TIA - Age - High blood pressure - High cholesterol
30
Emotionally labile
Easily fluctuating without warning or transition
31
Vascular dementia clinical features (5)
- Memory impairment - language disturbance - impairment of motor skills - emotionally labile - Loss of intellectual skills more abrupt (progress in steps (flat then decline rapidly)
32
Middle cerebral infarct signs
Aphasia, confusion, anosognosia
33
Anterior cerebral infarct signs
Frontal lobe syndrome (dis-inhibition, poor planning, lack of initiative)
34
Posterior cerebral infarct signs
Visual distortions, hallucinations, cortical blindness
35
Thalamic infarct signs
Global cognitive and psychiatric dysfunction
36
Vascular dementia studies and which one is diagnostic (3)
- Neurocognitive exam - Lab tests to rule out other etiologies - CT and MRI is diagnostic
37
Treating vascular dementia sees more ___ than other kinds of dementia treatment
Cognitive improvement
38
Frontotemporal dementia (Pick's disease)
Clinical syndrome associated with shrinking of the frontal and temporal anterior lobes of the brain
39
Frontotemporal dementia 2 clinical categories
- Changes in behavior | - Problems with language
40
Behavioral changes in frontotemporal dementia (4)
- Inappropriate social behavior (sexually) - lack of empathy - agitation or blunting emotions - repetitive or compulsive behavior
41
Language changes in frontotemporal dementia (2)
- Difficulty making or understanding speech | - spatial skills and memory remain intact
42
Frontotemporal dementia epidemiology
-Mean onset is 58 years old, 10-15% of all dementia, highly heritable
43
Frontotemporal dementia cause and risk factors (2)
- Abnormal deposits of several proteins inside brain | - family history and connection with ALS
44
Frontotemporal dementia diagnostic studies (2)
- Clinical | - PET and MRI***
45
Frontotemporal dementia treatment options
- management of symptos | - off label use of antidepressants or antipsychotics
46
Key differences between alzheimer's disease and frontotemporal dementia (4)
- Age at diagnosis is clue - Memory loss more prominent in early alzheimer's - Spatial orientation more common in alzheimer's - speech changes differ
47
Dementia with lewy bodies definition
Progressive dementia that leads to decline in thinking, reasoning, and independent function due to abnormal microscpic protein deposits (alpha synuclein protein) that damage brain cells over time
48
Dementia with lewy bodies epidemiology
-3rd most common cause of dementia
49
Dementia with lewy bodies symptoms (4)
- Parkinson's symptoms (closely related) - REM sleep disorder - visual hallucinations - less memory loss than other dementias
50
Dementia with lewy bodies is a....
...clinical diagnosis
51
Dementia with lewy bodies is the same thing as...
...parkinson's disease dementia???
52
Hallmark finding of parkinson's disease dementia
-hallucinations
53
Antipsychotic drugs need to be used with extreme caution in what type of dementia?
Dementia with lewy bodies (may impair swallowing, cause acute episodes of hallucinations, or worsen parkinson's symptoms)
54
Key differences between dementia with lewy bodies and alzheimer's (2)
- Memory loss is more prominent in early alzheimer's | - Hallucinations and REM sleep disorder normal to see in early stage DLB than alzheimer's
55
Normal pressure hydrocephalus definition
Brain disorder which excess CSF accumulates in brain ventricles but pressure level normalizes because brain becomes compressed resulting in thinking and reasoning problems, difficulty walking, and loss of bladder control
56
Normal pressure hydrocephalus epidemiology
-Idiopathic and secondary occur equal proportions, idiopathic most common in adultts >60
57
Normal pressure hydrocephalus triad of symptoms
- Gait apraxia (shuffling along, feet glued to deck) - decline in thinking (dementia) - Bladder incontinence (late stage, does not improve)
58
Diagnosis for normal pressure hydrocephalus (2)
- MRI detecting enlargement of ventricles | - CSF tap and removal to see if symptoms improve
59
Normal pressure hydrocephalus treatment (1)
-Shunt of CSF to peritoneum
60
Huntington's disease
Progressive brain disorder caused by single defective dominant gene on chromosome 4 in which certain areas of brain start to break down causing emotional disturbances, loss of intellectual abilities, and uncontrolled movements (chorea)
61
Huntington's disease epidemiology
Age of onset ranges from childhood to 8th decade, most often in mid life
62
Huntington's disease symptoms (3)
- Uncontrolled movement of arms, legs, head, face, upper body (chorea) - progressive decline in thinking and reasoning skills - OCD often
63
Huntington's disease treatment (1)
-Management of symptoms
64
Creutzfedlt-Jakob and other prion disease definition
-Class of dementias caused by abnormal form of proteins in brain known as prions, characterized by spongy appearance of brain tissue leading to classification as transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSE's)
65
Creutzfedlt-Jakob and other prion disease symptoms (3)
- Psychiatric symptoms - rapid cognitive decline - abnormalities in walking and balance
66
Creutzfedlt-Jakob and other prion disease diagnostic studies (3)
- CSF analysis - Electroencephalogram - MRI
67
Creutzfedlt-Jakob and other prion disease treatment and prognosis
- No cure, management of symptoms | - 2 year fatality
68
What kind of changes in the brain are hallmarks of alzheimer's?
-Amyloid plaques and neurofibratory tangles
69
What type of dementia is associated with chronic alcoholism
Korsakoff syndrome

Neurology (23 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions