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Neuroscience IV > Dementia and Aging > Flashcards

Dementia and Aging Flashcards

1
Q

What is maximum life for a human?

A

120 years.

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2
Q

What is current life expectancy for a M and F?

A

77.4 (72.1) and 82.2 (78.2)

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3
Q

Who lives longer - white or hispanic females?

A

Hispanic females!

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4
Q

What are the four theories of aging?

A
  1. Cellular Theories
  2. DNA mutation theories
  3. Inherited factors
  4. Stress related theories
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5
Q

Cellular aging theory describes lifespan as genetically predetermined. How does it rationalize this conclusion?

A

Postulates that fibroblasts only have a certain # of mitotic cycles before they die. Shorter lifespan = faster divisions.

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6
Q

In the DNA mutation theory, what 2 things happen that result in breakdown?

A
  1. DNA ends protected by telomeres which break down over time, leading to destruction of code.
  2. Errors accumulate that have occurred in RNA transcription over time.
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7
Q

What system is most often implicated in the inheritance theory of aging?

A

Cardiovascular system.

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8
Q

The oxidative stress theory is caused by a increased number of free radical as oxygen is converted to water. What cell do these free radicals typically damage?

A

Mitochondrial cells, specifically their membrane leading to dysfunction.

Free radical accumulate over time

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9
Q

Name 2 diseases that are implicated in the oxidative stress theory of aging.

A
  1. PD
    - breakdown of dopamine to free radicals
  2. Familial ALS
    - super oxide mutase deficient, many O2 radicals
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10
Q

Alzheimer’s is the ___ leading cause of death. For people > 65, it’s the ___ leading cause of death.

A

7th, 5th

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11
Q

What is the main problem with determining what normal aging of the brain looks like?

A

Generational changes in body side - older people were smaller
-also undiagnosed disease related to brain atrophy

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12
Q

What is ideal brain volume loss from 40-80?

A

1-2% per decade

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13
Q

Which loses brain volume faster, the cortex or hippocampus?

A

Hippocampus, around 5% per decade

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14
Q

With neurons and aging, is it a loss in the number of neurons or loss in function of neurons that is most impactful?

A

Neuronal function.

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15
Q

All of the following neurotransmitters decline except:

  1. Dopamine
  2. Serotonin
  3. GABA
  4. Norepinephrine
A
  1. Norepinephrine

Decline accelerated in basal ganglia.

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16
Q

What happens to axonal cell bodies and dendrites with age?

A

Cell body shrinks, fewer dendritic branches and spines.

Less collaterals, too.

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17
Q

T/F: Glial cells are active in myelinization and transport of nutients.

A

True.

18
Q

What part of aging vasculature is important in dementia?

A

Small and microvessel disease.

19
Q

Aging affects postural control across 4 systems. Name the system and give an example of the decline in function.

A
  1. Sensory
    - peripheral and central integration
  2. Motor
    - muscle performance
  3. Central processing
    - reaction time
  4. Dual task ability
20
Q

What are some secondary mechanisms of aging that change be modified?

A
  1. Exercise
  2. Diet
  3. Stress
  4. Relationships
  5. Sleep
  6. Lifelong learning
21
Q

In the nature vs nuture debate, what is cognitive reserve?

A

The idea that if you start with a higher intelligence, you have more to lose before you notice a change in daily function.

22
Q

Where are 4 blue zones?

A
  1. Sardinia, Italy
  2. Nicoya, Costa Rica
  3. Okinawa, Japan
  4. Icaria, Greece
23
Q

What are 6 common traits of blue zones?

A
  1. Family
  2. No smoking
  3. Plant-based diet
  4. Constant moderate physical activity
  5. Social engagement
  6. Legumes
24
Q

What are indirect costs of dementia ($50b per year)?

A

Lost wages of family members who care for a relative.

25
Q

___% of people with dementia have AD.

A

60

26
Q

ADaffects all areas of the brain, but two in particular. Name them.

A
  1. basal forebrain

2. cortex

27
Q

Name the 2 microscopic changes that are diagnostic of AD, despite a post-mortem autopsy being the only definitive measure.

A
  1. Neurofibullary tangles
    - Tau protein within neurons
  2. Amyloid plaques
    - extracellular space
28
Q

What neurotransmitter decreases in concentration in the basal forebrain with AD?

A

Acetylcholine

29
Q

List an early and late stage sign of AD.

A

EARLY
-short term memory deficits

LATE
-apraxia

30
Q

Name 3 risk factors for AD.

A
  1. Really old
  2. Female
  3. Previous TBI with unconsciouness
31
Q

T/F: The ApoE gene is linked with AD.

A

True.

32
Q

Do people with trisomy 21 have an increased risk for AD? Why?

A

Yes, because of the association with APP (amyloid precursor protein) dysfunction.

33
Q

What is a common treatment for AD?

A

Acheytlcholinesterase (inhibits breakdown of acetylcholine.

-effects peak after weeks to months

34
Q

What pathology accounts for 30-40% of all dimentias?

A

Vascular cerebral infarcts

  • BP and lipid mgmt important
  • damage to association fibers in corpus callosum
35
Q

Binswanger’s Disease affects ___ due to disease of ___ from ____. It is associated with ___. ___ imaging shows shrunken giri and enlarged ventricles.

A

Subcortical white matter, microcirculation, amyloid plaques. CT/MRI

36
Q

Name a few clinical characteristics of Lewy Body dementia.

A
  1. Large changes in awareness/alterness
  2. Visual hallucinations
  3. PD like motor symptoms (rigity, tremor, bradykin)
37
Q

What other diseases do Lewy Bodies feature in?

A

AD, PD,

38
Q

Lewy Body dementia is progressive. What is the average life expectancy after diagnosis?

A

8 years.

39
Q

What are lewy Body Dimentia treatments aimed at?

A

Controlling:

  • cognitive
  • psychiatric
  • motor symptoms (anti-psychotics can worsen)
40
Q

Other than dementia, what are 3 common neurological complications of AIDS?

A
  1. Infection of CNS
  2. CNS lymphoma
  3. Toxic encephalopathy
41
Q

At what stage is AD diagnosed?

A

SOmetimes 3, usually 4 when symptoms like forgetfulness take hold.

Neuroscience IV (7 decks)

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