Dement and Kleitman - Sleep and Dreaming Flashcards
What are the 3 research questions?
1: does dream recall correlate with periods of REM sleep?
2: is there a correlation between the estimate of dream length and the time spent in REM?
3: if there is a relationship between pattern of eye movements in REM and dream content.
There were 3 different studies to collect data for research questions.
What do we already know before study?
There is a sleep cycle –>People go through different stages while they’re asleep.
Research method
Controlled observation
Research design
Quasi experiment in a lab setting.
What is the IV?
Woken in NREM or REM
What is the DV?
Whether the participant dreamed or not
Sample size?
9 total.
7 men, 2 women.
What type of sample was it?
Volunteer sample.
How many nights were the example studied for?
5 studied intensively (6-17 nights) 4 studied (1-2 nights)
Why was there a difference in number of nights some of the sample were studied for?
4 participants were used as a control to confirm the findings.
What was the setting of the experiment?
Quiet and dark laboratory
What apparatus were used?
-Recording device and apparatus to make a loud doorbell noise.
-Electrodes placed:
~ near corners of eyes to measure eye movement (EOG)
~ on scalp to record brain activity (EEG)
What did they sleep attached to?
EOG
EEG
EMG
EEG=
- measures brain activity
- electrodes placed over head
(Electroencephalogram)
EMG=
- measures muscle activity
- electrodes placed on the jaw
(Electromyogram)
EOG=
- measures eye movement
- Electrodes placed across the eye socket
(Electro-oculogram)
General Procedure …
1: participants avoided caffeine and alcohol for a few days beforehand
2: participants individually went to sleep in a laboratory at the end of a normal day. They arrived at the lab just before their normal bedtime.
3: electrodes attached and run continuously throughout the night.
4: the experimenters woke the participants at various times using the doorbell noise
5: the participants immediately reported whether they had been dreaming and if so, the dream content into the recorder.
Study 1 procedure
Participants woken in one of four ways…
1: 2 woken randomly
2: 1 woken during 3 REM periods followed by 3 non-REM periods
3: 1 woken at random but told would only be woken during REM sleep
4: 1 woken at whim
Study 2 procedure
Participants woken 5 or 15 mins after REM began and asked if the dream lasted closer to 5 or 15minutes
Study 3 procedure
Participants woken as soon as one of 4 patterns of eye movement has occurred for 1 minute, and asked what the dream was about
What were the 4 patterns of eye movement?
1: Mainly vertical
2: Mainly horizontal
3: Vertical and horizontal
4: Very little/no movement
Why were they told not to have alcohol or caffeine?
As they are both stimulants and keep you awake.