Dement and Kleitman

Question 1

Two pieces of evidence that indicates a link between REM activity and dreaming

Answer 1

1) Participants woken in REM sleep were more likely to report dreaming (152/191) than participants woken in NREM (11/160).
2) More dreams were reported by participants when woken in REM sleep (152) than NREM (11).

Question 2

Two features of sample

Answer 2

9 adults / 7 male / 2 female / all from USA.

Question 3

One weakness of sample

Answer 3

Sample size too small (9) so can’t draw any meaningful conclusions.

Question 4

Explain what an EEG measures.

Answer 4

Electrical activity of the brain.

Question 5

One limitation of using an EEG to investigate dreaming.

Answer 5

An EEG doesn’t establish cause and effect. Here one cannot say the cause of increased brain activity is because the participant is dreaming because other factors may be the cause.

Question 6

Two controls

Answer 6

1) All participants reported to the lab just before their usual bedtime.
2) All participants slept in the same sleep laboratory.

Question 7

Why this study lacked ecological validity

Answer 7

People are not normally awakened by a doorbell several times during a normal night’s sleep.

Question 8

Purpose of any two controls in this study

Answer 8

1) All participants reported to the lab just before their usual bedtime so their daily routine was not disrupted which may have lead to unnatural sleep patterns.
2) All participants were asked not to drink caffeine or alcohol on the day as it’s known to affect to REM sleep.