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AS Psychology > Dement and Kleitman > Flashcards

Dement and Kleitman Flashcards

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1
Q

What year was this study done in

A

1957

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2
Q

What are the two basic things that summarize what this study is about

A

Sleep cycles and dreaming

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3
Q

What is sleep

A

An altered state of conciousness

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4
Q

What is the circadian rhythm

A

24-hour sleep/wake cycle

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5
Q

What is Ultradian rhythm

A

A cycle that repeats more often than daily (90 min sleep cycle, periods during the day of more wakefulness)

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6
Q

-What stage of sleep is REM
-What happens to your eyes during REM
-What occurs during REM

A

-REM is a light stage of sleep
-Your eyes move very rapidly (hence the name- rapid eye movements)
-Dreaming occurs during REM

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7
Q

-What happens to your dreams as the night goes on
-How does dreaming differ for adults and babies
-What is dreaming involved in

A

-You dream more as the night goes on
- Babies dream 50% of the night, adults dream only 20% of the night
-Dreaming is involved in memory consolidation

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8
Q

What is REM sleep also known as

A

REM is also known as paradoxical sleep because the brain is very active but the body is not

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9
Q

What does EEG stand for, and what is used for

A

An electroencephalograph, it is used to record brain activity and eye movements

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10
Q

What is an EOG used for

A

an EOG is used to measure eye movements

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11
Q

GRAVE analysis for this study

A

G: Generalizability - Medium
R: Reliability - High
A: Application - Medium
V: Validity - Low
E: Ethics - High

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12
Q

What was the first aim/question being investigated in this study, and what was the hypothesis

A

Does dream recall differ from REM and NREM sleep?

Hypothesis: There is a connection between REM and dreaming

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13
Q

What was the second aim/question being investigated in this study, and what was the hypothesis

A

Is there a positive correlation between subjective estimates of dream duration and the length of the REM period before waking?

Hypothesis: There will be a significant positive correlation between the length of REM and the estimated length of dreams

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14
Q

What was the third aim/question being investigated in this study, and what was the hypothesis

A

Are eye-movement patterns related to dream content?

Hypothesis: There is a correlation between the direction of eye movement and the content of dreams

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15
Q

What was William Dement interested in that made him want to start this study

A

William Dement was a big believer in helping people understand more about sleep and how it contributed to their overall health

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16
Q

What were Aserinskey and Kleitman the first to do

A

Aserinskey and Kleitman (1955) were the first to use physiological measures of sleep to explore the relationship between sleep and dreaming

17
Q

How was this research different from previous sleep studies around dreaming

A

This research was much more objective than previous sleep studies around dreaming

18
Q

Where was this study done and why was that unique at that time

A

Lab study was done in a sleep lab (common now, not so much in the 1950s)

19
Q

What design did this study follow

A

Repeated measures design

20
Q

What two things did they use to measure biofeedback

A

Used an EEG (Brain waves) and EOC (Eye movements) to measure biofeedback

21
Q

What was the independent variable in this study

A

What stage of sleep (REM/NREM) the subject was woken up in

22
Q

What were the dependent variables in this study (3)

A

1: Dreaming or not (subjective, but EEG helps measure this - REM sleep)

2: Dream length estimation (5 or 10 mins)

3: Anecdotal evidence given by dreamer

23
Q

What was used to wake the participants up at various stages throughout their sleep cycle

A

Loud electronic bell

24
Q

What was used to record the dreams that the participants remember

A

Voice recorder

25
Q

How many dreams were recorded, how many couldn’t be recorded, and why

A

152 dreams recorded - 26 of them had equipment failure, so couldn’t be recorded

26
Q

How many participants (how many men and women), how many withdrew, and how were their results used

A

9 participants: 2 women, 7 men (4 then withdrew)

-only 5 studied in depth, the 4 that withdrew were used to confirm the results of the others

27
Q

What did the amount of nights that the participants stayed look like

A

Only 6 participants spent more than 5 nights participating in the study, the most being 17 nights

28
Q

What was one control used regarding alcohol and caffeine

A

No caffeine/alcohol beforehand

29
Q

When did participants come in for the study, and what kind of variable is that

A

Participants came in for the study right before their normal sleeping time, and this is known as a control variable

30
Q

What would the experimenter do when the subject reached the end of the REM stage

A

Experimenter rang the bell to wake them up and then record a dream if one was remembered, and the same things was done in NREM stages to compare data

31
Q

What was altered to see if the estimated length of the dream corresponded with the real-time passing

A

Periods of dreaming time before being wakened were altered to see if the estimated length of the dream corresponded with the real-time passing (5 or 15 minutes)

32
Q

What results did the experimenters get from question 1

A

More participants with rapid movements were able to recall their dreams

33
Q

How was Question 1 investigated

A

-Participants were woken from either RED or NREM sleep but were not told from which

-Immediately after being woken the participant stated whether they were dreaming and described the content of the dream in the dream recorder

34
Q

What results did the experimenters get from question 2

A

Most people were correct about how much time they thought had passed

35
Q

How was Question 2 investigated

A

-Participants were woken either after 5 or 15 minutes in REM sleep
-Participants guess how long they’d been dreaming for
-Longer REM periods allowed
-Number of words in dream narrative counted

36
Q

How was Question 3 investigated

A

-The direction of eye movements was detected using EEG electrodes around the eyes
-Participants were woken after a single eye-movement pattern had lasted for more than 1 minute and asked to report their dream
-They were categorized into “mainly vertical”, “mainly horizontal”, and “both vertical and horizontal”, or “very little/no movement”

AS Psychology (8 decks)

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