Dement and Kleitman Flashcards
What year was this study done in
1957
What are the two basic things that summarize what this study is about
Sleep cycles and dreaming
What is sleep
An altered state of conciousness
What is the circadian rhythm
24-hour sleep/wake cycle
What is Ultradian rhythm
A cycle that repeats more often than daily (90 min sleep cycle, periods during the day of more wakefulness)
-What stage of sleep is REM
-What happens to your eyes during REM
-What occurs during REM
-REM is a light stage of sleep
-Your eyes move very rapidly (hence the name- rapid eye movements)
-Dreaming occurs during REM
-What happens to your dreams as the night goes on
-How does dreaming differ for adults and babies
-What is dreaming involved in
-You dream more as the night goes on
- Babies dream 50% of the night, adults dream only 20% of the night
-Dreaming is involved in memory consolidation
What is REM sleep also known as
REM is also known as paradoxical sleep because the brain is very active but the body is not
What does EEG stand for, and what is used for
An electroencephalograph, it is used to record brain activity and eye movements
What is an EOG used for
an EOG is used to measure eye movements
GRAVE analysis for this study
G: Generalizability - Medium
R: Reliability - High
A: Application - Medium
V: Validity - Low
E: Ethics - High
What was the first aim/question being investigated in this study, and what was the hypothesis
Does dream recall differ from REM and NREM sleep?
Hypothesis: There is a connection between REM and dreaming
What was the second aim/question being investigated in this study, and what was the hypothesis
Is there a positive correlation between subjective estimates of dream duration and the length of the REM period before waking?
Hypothesis: There will be a significant positive correlation between the length of REM and the estimated length of dreams
What was the third aim/question being investigated in this study, and what was the hypothesis
Are eye-movement patterns related to dream content?
Hypothesis: There is a correlation between the direction of eye movement and the content of dreams
What was William Dement interested in that made him want to start this study
William Dement was a big believer in helping people understand more about sleep and how it contributed to their overall health
What were Aserinskey and Kleitman the first to do
Aserinskey and Kleitman (1955) were the first to use physiological measures of sleep to explore the relationship between sleep and dreaming
How was this research different from previous sleep studies around dreaming
This research was much more objective than previous sleep studies around dreaming
Where was this study done and why was that unique at that time
Lab study was done in a sleep lab (common now, not so much in the 1950s)
What design did this study follow
Repeated measures design
What two things did they use to measure biofeedback
Used an EEG (Brain waves) and EOC (Eye movements) to measure biofeedback
What was the independent variable in this study
What stage of sleep (REM/NREM) the subject was woken up in
What were the dependent variables in this study (3)
1: Dreaming or not (subjective, but EEG helps measure this - REM sleep)
2: Dream length estimation (5 or 10 mins)
3: Anecdotal evidence given by dreamer
What was used to wake the participants up at various stages throughout their sleep cycle
Loud electronic bell
What was used to record the dreams that the participants remember
Voice recorder
How many dreams were recorded, how many couldn’t be recorded, and why
152 dreams recorded - 26 of them had equipment failure, so couldn’t be recorded
How many participants (how many men and women), how many withdrew, and how were their results used
9 participants: 2 women, 7 men (4 then withdrew)
-only 5 studied in depth, the 4 that withdrew were used to confirm the results of the others
What did the amount of nights that the participants stayed look like
Only 6 participants spent more than 5 nights participating in the study, the most being 17 nights
What was one control used regarding alcohol and caffeine
No caffeine/alcohol beforehand
When did participants come in for the study, and what kind of variable is that
Participants came in for the study right before their normal sleeping time, and this is known as a control variable
What would the experimenter do when the subject reached the end of the REM stage
Experimenter rang the bell to wake them up and then record a dream if one was remembered, and the same things was done in NREM stages to compare data
What was altered to see if the estimated length of the dream corresponded with the real-time passing
Periods of dreaming time before being wakened were altered to see if the estimated length of the dream corresponded with the real-time passing (5 or 15 minutes)
What results did the experimenters get from question 1
More participants with rapid eye movements were able to recall their dreams
How was Question 1 investigated
-Participants were woken from either RED or NREM sleep but were not told from which
-Immediately after being woken the participant stated whether they were dreaming and described the content of the dream in the dream recorder
What results did the experimenters get from question 2
Most people were correct about how much time they thought had passed
How was Question 2 investigated
-Participants were woken either after 5 or 15 minutes in REM sleep
-Participants guess how long they’d been dreaming for
-Longer REM periods allowed
-Number of words in dream narrative counted
How was Question 3 investigated
-The direction of eye movements was detected using EEG electrodes around the eyes
-Participants were woken after a single eye-movement pattern had lasted for more than 1 minute and asked to report their dream
-They were categorized into “mainly vertical”, “mainly horizontal”, and “both vertical and horizontal”, or “very little/no movement”
