Bandura et al Flashcards
What year was Bandura et al. done ?
1961
What two things did Bandura’s study look at (in simple terms)
Aggression and Learning
What was the first aim of Bandura’s study “To investigate…”
To investigate whether a child would learn aggression by observing a model and would reproduce this behavior in the absence of the model
What was the second aim of Bandura’s study in addition to “To investigate whether a child would learn aggression by observing a model and would reproduce this behavior in the absence of the model”
Whether the sex of the role model was important in learning and reproducing
aggression
Why do children copy what adults do?
-The immediate social setting makes the child imitate what they are watching: this is called ‘facilitation’ of behavior - it’s more likely that a child will do what it sees
being done
-could then become a behavior the child does even without the model
What should:
-seeing aggressive behavior
-seeing non-aggressive behavior
lead to?
-seeing aggressive behavior should lead to learning to behave in a similar way
-seeing non-aggressive behavior should lead to learning to behave in a similar way
What usually happens when children perform sex-appropriate behaviors, and what can these behaviors look like?
Children are often rewarded when they perform sex-appropriate behaviors, such as girls being rewarded for cooking or dressing up, and boys being rewarded for building something and demonstrating strength
What can rewards after a particular behavior look like
praise (verbal/non-verbal) or physical presents
What usually happens when children carry out what is seen to be sex-inappropriate
behaviors, and what can these behaviors look like? And what is the punishment for this known as?
Children are often punished, and some sex-inappropriate behavior examples are things such as boys ‘playing mother’ or girls getting dirty when playing outside - the punishment for this is often implicit rather than explicit
How many different kinds of differences did Bandura suggest that encouragement or discouragement of behaviors
leads to, and what were these differences?
2 differences:
-boys and girls should be more likely to imitate same-sex models
-they should differ in their readiness to imitate aggression (boys
should be more likely to be aggressive as this is more acceptable behavior in
a male)
What were the 4 Hypothesis of Badura et al’s study?
- Observed aggressive behavior will be imitated, so children seeing
aggressive models will be more aggressive than those seeing anon-aggressive model or no model - Observed non-aggressive behaviour will be imitated, so children seeing
non-aggressive models will be less aggressive than those seeing no model - Children are more likely to copy a same-sex model
- Boys will be more likely to copy aggression than girls
What kind of experiment was Bandura et al.’s experiment?
A lab experiment
What design did Bandura et al’s study follow?
Independent measures design
Why was Bandura et al.’s study an independent measures design?
Because children were matched for general levels of aggression in groups of 3 (one for each IV)
What were the 3 Independent Variables in Bandura et al.’s study?
- Model type: Aggressive or non-aggressive
- Model Gender: Male or Female (same gender as child or not)
- Learner gender (whether the child was a boy or girl)
What was the Dependent Variable in Bandura et al’s study?
The learning of the child displayed
How was the Dependent Variable of this study, “the learning of the child displayed” measured?
Through a controlled observation of the children and measures of aggressive behavior were recorded
How many children were in this study, and how many boys, and how many girls?
72 children - 36 boys and 36 girls
What age were the children in Bandura’s study?
3-6 years old
Where were the children from in Bandura et al.’s study?
Stanford University Nursery School
Who observed the children before the study began?
The children were observed in their nursery school by the experimenter and a teacher who knew them well
How were the children rated, and what did that measure?
On four 5-point scales, measuring physical aggression, verbal aggression, aggression to inanimate objects, and aggression inhibition (anxiety)
How many IV groups were the children assigned to, and how was the matched participants design utilized?
The children were put into 3 different IV groups, making sure that the aggression levels of the children in each group were matched (by using the matche-participants design)
How could they know that the ratings of the children’s aggression levels were generally similar between the experimenter and the teacher?
Inter-rater reliability - comparison of results between the experimenter and the teacher
How many children were rated by both people, and how many were rated by only one?
Only 51 children were rated by both people, and the other 21 were only rated by one person
How many boys and how many girls were used in the control group
12 boys and 12 girls were used in the control group (no-model)
How were the remaining 48 children who were not in the control group divided?
They were divided evenly by sex between aggressive and non-aggressive models, and within those groups, they were divided between same-sex and different-sex models
SLIDE 14
