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philosophy of science > Demarcation > Flashcards

Demarcation Flashcards

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1
Q

What is science?

A

Science is an umbrella-term covering the plurality of all and only scientific praxes

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2
Q

Five interconnected items of a praxis

A
  1. members
  2. aims
  3. means to reach aims
  4. criteria to judge whether aims are reached
  5. norms & rules for the behavior of the members
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3
Q

necessary conditions for praxis

A
  1. educational system
  2. money
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4
Q

scientific praxis

A
  1. people: scientists
  2. aims: produce scientific knowledge
  3. means: acting in accordance to some scientific method
  4. criterion: when one has collected a large and various body of evidence that confirms a hypothesis, model or theory, then it is accepted and obtains the seal scientific knowledge.
  5. values: CUDOS (communalism, universalism, disinterestedness, originality, skepticism)
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5
Q

skopology

A

discourse on aims

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6
Q

Aristotelian aims

A
  1. finding out the truth and nothing but the truth about reality
  2. discovering the laws of nature
  3. understanding reality
    & more
    (but, scientific aims)
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7
Q

Baconian aims

A
  1. To secure & enhance the prosperity and the welfare of people
  2. to contribute to the quality of life, to ‘the good life’, to Aristotelian eudaimonia
  3. Wisdom, i.e. the capacity to realize what is of value for us and securing it
    (capitalist aims)
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8
Q

idealists

A

sharp distinction. between unknowable nouminal reality (reality as-it-is-in-and-of-itself) and the knowable phenomenological world, what results after nominal reality has passed the sensory organs and conceptual apparatus of the observing and understanding human subject.

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9
Q

metaphysical realists

A

no distinction between different worlds, reality is knowable by us.

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10
Q

Axiology

A

philosophical discourse on values

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11
Q

CUDOS

A
  1. communalism
  2. universalism
  3. disinterestedness
  4. originality
  5. skepticism
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12
Q

Communalism

A

transparency, no private intellectual property

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13
Q

Universalism

A

Impersonal criteria for judgement

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14
Q

Disinterestedness

A

no financial interests

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15
Q

Originality

A

extending current scientific knowledge

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16
Q

Skepticism

A

every idea must be criticized & tested severely

17
Q

DECAY (MacFarlane)

A

replacing CUDOS in modern science.
1. Differentialism
2. Egoism
3. Capitalism
4. AdvocacY

18
Q

Differentialism

A

Claims influenced by non-epistemic factors, like political, moral, economic & cultural factors

19
Q

Egoism

A

Personal achievements

20
Q

Capitalism

A

Profiting, patents

21
Q

Advocacy

A

commitment to political/ cultural agenda

22
Q

Hominum-objects

A

objects produced by humans

23
Q

subcategories hominum-objects

A
  1. artefacts: concrete objects produced by engineers, and by artisans and craftsmen
  2. works of arts: concrete objects produced by artists
  3. waste: products of processes in the human body & by-products of actions performed by humans
24
Q

Dual nature of artefacts

A

characterisation of an artefact needs both a description of the material object and a description of the function(s) it can perform

25
Q

functions of artefacts

A
  1. proper functions: functions intended by the maker
  2. accidental functions: not intended, but also possible functions
    Only concrete objects with proper functions can malfunction
26
Q

Difference between scientific and technological praxis

A
  1. technological praxes only have external, Baconian aims –> for the sake of consumers’ needs or desires.
  2. Science is concerned with things that do exist, technology with not-yet existing things
  3. Science: mostly knowledge-that, and knowledge involved in technology: knowledge-how
27
Q

Step-wise engineering processes

A
  1. specific needs and desires of the consumer are described
  2. functional requirements are determined
  3. specifications of the design (leads to blueprint)
  4. construction of a prototype of the artefact
  5. manufacturing the artefact
28
Q

Latour & Woolgar

A

social construction of scientific facts

29
Q

Process of scientific facts being constructed:

A
  1. p starts as a speculation
  2. p assumes various modalities
  3. p becomes the object of active empirical inquiry and invites judgement
  4. p gets confirmed, and is firmly fitted in scientific knowledge
  5. p is taken for granted, its history 1-4 is forgotten and stripped away; p has become a of morsel of scientific knowledge, a scientific fact

most drop out at any previous levels.

30
Q

Social constructionism

A

thesis that scientific facts are not discovered, but constructed in a collective social process.

31
Q
A

philosophy of science (8 decks)

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