Delayed Development

Question 1

Down Syndrome physical features

Answer 1

Flat face profile, Upward slant eyes, Small ears, Protruding tongue, Epicanthal folds

Question 2

5 Oculo-Visual findings in Down Syndrome

Answer 2

Strabismus, Hyperopia/Myopia, Reduced accommodation, Below normal acuity, High refractive error, Amblyopia, Blepharitis, Iris hypoplasia, Optic disc hyperaemia, RPE disturbance at disc margin, Keratoconus, Contrast sensitivity anomalies, Nasolacrimal duct obstruction, Cataract, Nystagmus, Ptosis, Glaucoma

Question 3

Oculo-Visual treatment for Down Syndrome

Answer 3

Prescribe for refractive error
Multifocal prescription in polycarbonate material
Prisms
Initiate treatment for any sight-threatening anomalies

Question 4

Cerebral Palsy features

Answer 4

Problem controlling body, difficulty talking, walking, eating, playing

Question 5

5 Oculo-visual findings in Cerebral Palsy

Answer 5

Strabismus, Significant refractive error, Poor accommodation, Below normal acuity, Nystagmus, Amblyopia, ON atrophy, VF anomalies, Cataract, Fundus anomalies, Pursuit/saccade dysfunction

Question 6

Oculo-visual treatment for Cerebral Palsy

Answer 6

Full prescription in polycarbonate material
Multifocal designs
Prisms to assume null point in nystagmus

Question 7

Fragile X syndrome features

Answer 7

Large ears, Long narrow face, Prominent forehead and chin, High arched palate, Hyperextensible joints

Question 8

5 Oculo-visual findings in Fragile X syndrome

Answer 8

Strabismus, Refractive error, Amblyopia, Possible accommodative disorders, Nystagmus, Poor oculomotor skills, Gaze avoidance

Question 9

Oculo-visual treatment for Fragile X syndrome

Answer 9

Refractive correction in polycarbonate material
Consider bifocal or prism
Work with therapist to reduce tactile defensiveness
Active VT can be recommended

Question 10

5 Oculo-visual findings in Ocular albinism

Answer 10

Iris transillumination, Foveal hypoplasia, Nystagmus, Photophobia, Strabismus, Moderate to high hyperopic or astig refractive error, Abnormal accommodation

Question 11

Oculo-visual treatment for Albinism

Answer 11

Corrective lenses, Low vision aids, Surgery

Question 12

5 Ways on interacting with Autism

Answer 12

Speak slowly and use simple words
Use concrete terms
Visually show or write
Pause and wait to allow time for response
Give lots of praise
Do not attempt to block self-stimulating behaviour
Each individual with autism is different from one another

Question 13

Oculo visual findings in Autism

Answer 13

Refractive error, Strabismus, Oculomotor dysfunction

Question 14

Oculo-visual treatment in Autism

Answer 14

Refractive correction in polycarbonate material, Bifocal or yoked prism, Active VT can be recommended