DeLahunta Chapter 2 - Gross neuroanatomy Flashcards
What is the meningovertebral ligament?
=robust attachment of ventral dura matter to periosteum on the midline of the dorsal surface of the vertebral body within the vertebral canal from C2 level to caudally
It does not exist cranially cause the dura is fused with periosteum cranially.
Which landmark separates the neopalium from the paleopallium?
The rhinal sulcus
What is the difference between tela choroidea and choroid plexus?
Tela choroidea=ependyma + pia matter
Choroid plexus=tela choroidea + capillaries/blood vessels
Which are the components of the brainstem?
diencephalon, mesencephalon, ventral metencephalon, myelencephalon
Which are the components of the metathalamus and epithalamus?
Metathalamus: lateral and medial geniculate nuclei
Epithalamus:
-unpaired pineal body
-habenular nuclei
-stria habenularis
Mention important nuclei located in:
* Mesencephalon
* Ventral metencephalon
* Myelencephalon?
1)mesencephalon:
III (somatic and GVE), IV, red nucleus, periacueductal grey matter, substancia
nigra, mesencephalic nucleus of V nerve, dorsal raphe nucleus, corpora quadrigemina, others.
2) ventral metencehpalon:
motor and sensory pontine nuclei of Vn, pontine nuclei (to cerebellum),
locus coeruleus, others.
3) myelencephalon: nuclei from CN6 to 12 [VI, VII (GSE), VIII, solitary nucleus, nucleus ambiguus, XI, XII], Olivary nucleus,
trapezoid nucleus, nucleus gracil, cuneatus, lateral cuneatus, Z and X, others.
In the mesencephalon there are two brachium described, which are they?
Fibers that connect the medial and lateral geniculate nucleus with the caudal and rostral colliculi,
respectively.
What type of fibers are the longitudinal fibers of the pons? At which level they do synapse? At the level of which cranial nerve, do the fibers of
the pyramid decussate?
-projection fibers of cortical motor neurons
-at the level of pontine nucleus
-externally, at the level of the hypoglossal nerve roots.
Using the transverse fibers of the pons as reference, where does the
trigeminal nerve emerge?
caudally to the transverse fibers
Describe the pathway of the accessory nerve until it leaves the
cranial cavity.
Spinal rootlets originate from the lateral surface (between the dorsal and ventral rootlets fo the
cervical spinal nerve) of the spinal cord as far caudally as the C7 SCS.
They course cranially
within the subarachnoid space through the foramen magnum.
They merge with some cranial rootlets emerging from the side of the medulla and form the accessory nerve
This nerve leaves the cranial cavity
through the jugular foramen and the tympano-occipital fissure.
Which are the dorsal limits of the fourth ventricle?
1) Rostral medullary velum
2) cerebellum
3) caudal medullary velum
Which is the name of the foramen for the 1st cervical spinal nerve?
Lateral vertebral foramen (in the dorsal arch of atlas)
What is the obex?
The attachment of the caudal medullary velum to the brainstem (at the apex)
The most caudal aspect of 4th ventricle.
Mention the commissures in the CNS and which structures do they
connect.
1) Rostral commisure: connects the olfactory component of each hemisphere (paleopalium)
2) Hippocampal commisure (part of fornix): connects archipallium of each hemisphere
3) Corpus callosum: connects neopallium of each hemisphere [the biggest]
4) Habenular commissure (epithalamus)
5) Caudal commissure (at the level of tectum): pretectal axons that cross over and back to synapse on the GVE parasympathetic nucleos of CN III
6) Commissure of the caudal colliculus
What is conus medullaris, cauda equina, and filum terminale?
1) Conus medullaris: narrow (tapering) end of the spinal cord
2) Cauda equina: the conus medullaris and the adjacent caudal lumbar, sacral and caudal roots that
extend caudally in the vertebral canal.
3) Filum terminale: narrow cord of meninges that attaches the conus medullaris tot he caudal vertebrae.
What forms the basilar artery ?
1 ventral spinal artery
2 vertebral arteries
Which are the arteries forming the arterial circle of the brain?
1) basilar a.
2) internal carotid a.
then they form:
1) rostral cerberal a.
2) middle cerebral a.
3) caudal communicating a.
4) caudal cerberal a.
5) rostral cerebellar a.
Which venous sinus lies on each side of the floor of the middle cranial fossa from the orbital fissure to the petro-occipital cana?
cavernous sinus
Which are the sulci of the brain from dorsal to ventral?
1) marginal (first sulcus same name with first gyrus)
2) ectomarginal
3) suprasylvian
4) ectosylvian
5) pseudosylvian
Which are the gyri of the brain from dorsal to ventral (laterally)? (see also Uemura)
1) endomarginal
2) marginal
3) ectomarginal
4) suprasylvian
5) ectosylvian
6) sylvian
Which are the rostral brain sulci? (see also Uemura)
1) cruciate
2) presylvian
3) frontal
and laterally/rostrally
1) ansate
2) coronal
Which are the rostral brain gyri?
from dorsal to ventral
1) postcruciate
2) precruciate
3) prorean
Which is the most lateral cerebellar peduncle?
Middle cerebellar peduncle
Through which cerebellar peduncles the afferent axons to the cerebellum from the brainstem and spinal cord primarily pass through?
Middle and caudal cerebellar peduncles
Which are the cerebellar nuclei from medial to lateral? Which is their function?
FID:
Fastigial: mainly vestibulocerebellar (with mild spinocerebellar function)
Interposital: spinocerebellar funciton
Dentate (or lateral): pontocerebellum
Which are the anatomical parts of corpus callosum?
1) Rostrum
2) Genu
3) Middle Body
4) Splenium
Which are the only spinal cord segments found entirely within their corresponding vertebrae?
T12, T13, L1, L2 +/- L3
but also in chapter 5 he mentioned also C1 and C2
What is the denticulate ligament?
=longitudinal cord of connective tissue formed by thickened pia at the lateral surface of the spinal cord
-helps to anchor the spinal cord to dura mater
–attaches segmentaly to the arachnoid and dura laterally, midway between the roots of adjacent SCS
–it ends at L5 vertebral body
What is septum pellucidum?
Is a vertical sheet of tissue between the corpus callosum and fornix in the midline
A thickening of this rostrodorsally represents the septal nuclei.
Which are the anatomical compartments of the fornix?
from rostral to caudal:
1) column
2) body
3) crus
What is the fimbria of the fornix?
=accummulation of axons where the fornix starts - at the level of the crus of fornix
What is the falx cerebri?
=sheet of dura in midline within the longitudinal cerebral fissure
Which are the main venous sinouses of the brain?
1) dorsal sagittal s. n=1
2) straight s. n=1
3) tranvserse s. n=2
4) sigmoid s. n=2 –> internal jugular v.
5) dorsal petrosal s. n=2
6) ventral petrosal s. n=2
7) cavernous s. n=2
8) basilar s. n=2 (branch of sigmoid)
Which is the most important venous sinous of the spinal cord?
VIVVP:
Ventral Internal Vertebral Venous Plexus
Where are the choroid plexi located?
At the roof plate of:
1) lateral ventricles n=2
2) 3rd ventricle (diencephalon)
3) 4th ventricle (medulla)
Which are the cerebellar peduncles and which are their function?
1) rostral CP –>vestibulocerebellar
2) middle CP –>pontocerebellar
2) caudal CP–>spinocerebellar
Which structure is the ONLY connection between the cerebral hemisphere and the brainstem?
The internal capsule
Which are the anatomical compartments of diencephalon and where are they located regards to thalamus?
1) thalamus (paired)
2) hypothalamus and its mammilary bodies (ventral)
3) metathalamus (lateral and dorsocaudal)
4) subthalamus (venrolateral)
5) epithalamus (dorsal midline)
6) third ventricle
7) interthalamic adhesion
How are the geniculate nuclei connected to the midbrain? Which is their funciton?
Lateral GN –> rostral colliculi (visual)
Medial GN –> caudal colliculi (auditory)
What is the infundibulum and its role?
Structure which connects the hypothysis to the tuber cinereum of the hypothalamus
Which are the anatomical compartments of the midbrain?
1) tectum (roof) –> 4 colliculi (corpora quadrigemina = 2 rostral, 2 caudal)
2) 2 cerebral peduncles –> a) tegmentum (reticular formation), b) substantia nigra, c) crus cerebri {from dosral to ventral}
3) mesencepahlic aqueduct
4) nuclei of CNs (oculomotor and trochlear)
5) lateral lemniscus
Which is the only CN that arises dorsally from the brainstem?
Trochlear
Which is the only CN thar crosses side?
Trochlear
What is the lateral lemniscus and where is it?
=band of auditory system axons on the lateral midbrain
-connects with the cochelar nuclei in the medulla
What is the trapezoid body and where it is?
=transverse band of fibers that course parallel but caudal to the transverse pontine fibers
- in the medulla oblongata (ventral)
-continuous with vestibulochlear n. and cochlear n. (auditory function)
What is the pyramids and where they are located?
-longitudinally coursing bundles of axons on either side of the ventral median fissure - they are continuation of fibers from the pons
-they decussate
-medulla oblongata (ventral)
-they continue in spinal cord as corticospinal tracts
-THE MOST IMPORTANT: They are cerebrocortical projection to the spinal cord
Where are the nuclei of each of the CNs III to XII?
CN III, IV in midbrain
CN V the only in pons (although complicated)
CN VI-XII in medulla oblongata
What is the fasciulus gracilis and the fasciculus cuneatous, where they are located and their function?
Fasciculus gracillis:
-medulla oblongata
-afferent tracts coming from the spinal cord
-ends in the nucleus gracilis (locaed athe caudal end of the 4th venricle)
-funcions in general proprioception of PLs
Fasciculus cunetaus:
-medulla oblongata
-afferent tracts coming from the spinal cord
-ends in the lateral cuneate nucleus (contiuous rostrally with caudal cerebellar peduncle)
-functions in general proprioception of TLs
What is the lamina terminalis?
=Thin sheet of neural tube developed by the rostral commissure
-the most rostral extend of diencephalon
Which is the phylogenetic division of the cerebrocortex?
Paleopallium (olfactory bulb/penducles, cortex of pyriform lobe)
Archipallium (hippocampus - internal gyrus)
Neopallium (superficial gyri dorsal to the rhinal sulcus)
What is the stria terminalis?
=small tract connecting amygdala to septal nuclei
-located between thalamus and caudate nuclei
Which are the basal nuclei?
1) caudate nuclei
2) putamen (lentiform n.)
3) globus pallidus (lentiform n.)
4) nucleus acumbens (ventral to caudate nucleus)
5) amygdala (piriform lobe)
6) claustrum (external capsule)
7) endopenduncular n. (subthalamus)
How we name the spinal nerves through the vertebral column?
SCS: C8, T13, L7, S3, Cd5 in dogs and cats
C1 - lateral vertebral foramen in C1
C2 exit caudal to atla
C3-C7 nerves eixt at the intervertebral foramen CRANIAL to the vertebra of the same number
The C8 nerve exits caudall to C7 verterba
All remaining spinal nerves exit caudal to vertebra of the same number
Where does the spinal cord ends in dogs and cats?
L5-6 in dogs
L7 in cats
Where does the lateral horn appear in the spinal cord?
Thoracolumbar region (sympathetic nervous system)
There is relative structure in the sacral region but does not form distinctive horns for the parasympathetic.
Which are the main funiculi of the spinal cord?
Dorsal n=2
Lateral n=2
Ventral n=2
