DeLahunta Chapter 13 - Cerebellum Flashcards
Up until which day during gestation, the formation of Purkinje neurons is
completed in calf?
100d of gestation
Which are the two regions of the cerebellum, and what is separating them?
The cerebellum is divided into two disproportionate regions: (1) the large body of the cerebellum and (2) the small flocculonodular lobe. These two regions are separated by the uvulonodular fissure
Please name the cells, fibres and layers of the cerebellum.
Layers (external to internal):
-molecular
-purkinje
-granular
then nuclei within white matter: FID (fastigial, interposital, dentate)
Fibers are:
mossy (coming from brainstem/spinal cord) and they synapse with cerebellar nuclei and granule cells
climbing fibers (coming from olivary nucleus) and synpase some with cerebellar nuclei and some are climbing to the purkinje vertical axons within the molecular
Which is the ONLY neuron of cerebellar cortex that projects to the medulla of cerebellum?
Purkinje cell to the cerebellar nuclei (most of them - inhibitiory - GABA)
and some to vestibular nuclei (through floculonodular lobe) (inhibitory, GABA)
Which neurotransmitter is released at the synapse of the mossy fibres and which
one at the synapse of the climbing fibres? Which neurostramitter is released at
the synapse between granule cells and Purkinje neurons? What is the function of
the neurotrnsmitters?
Mossy fibers (cells) to granule cells–> ACH (+)
Climbing fibers (cells) to Purkinje–> ASPARTATE (+)
Granule cells to Purkinje cells (in the mollecular layer) –> GLUTAMATE (+)
Stelate (in mocelucar but also in granular layer) to both purkinje and granule–>INHIBITORY
Purkince to cerebellar nuclei + vestibular nuclei (through floculonnodular lobe) –> INHIBITORY (GABA)
Where are the cerebellar nuclei sending effrents to and via which peduncle?
1) direct from purkinje cells (via floculonodular lobe) to the vestiular nuclei (CAUDAL cerebellar peduncle)
2) fastigial n. –> vestibular nuclei + ARAS (CAUDAL CP)
3) interposital n. –> red nucleus + ARAS (ROSTRAL CP)
4) dentate n. –> red nucleus + ARAS + Pallidum + ventral lateral thalami nucleus (ROSTRAL CP)
The 3 and 4 CROSS in the ventral tegmental decusaion (caudal colliculi) –.> contratlateral
Please give example of viruses responsible for cerebellar hypoplasia in dog, cat, calf, pig, human
dog - Herpes virus,
cat -parvoviral infection,
calf - bovine viral diarrhoea,
pig- swine fever,
human -zika virus
Which cerebellar layer is at risk in cats with feline panleukopenia virus? What is the consequence of this?
External germinal layer, distruction of this prevents the formation of the granular layer – hence name granulopival hypoplasia
Which are the clinical signs of arabian foals with abiotrophy? At which age are the
clinical signs noticed? Which gene is responsible Brault et al.,2011?A head
A head and neck tremor may be the earliest clinical sign observed. Owners often report that when they are halter training the foal its head bobs, and with little stimulation, the foal will rear up, lose its balance, and fall over backward. Although the gait may somewhat mimic a UMN and GP system dysfunction in the cervical spinal cord, the intentional head tremor and the tendency to rear up with the thoracic limbs in full extension when stimulated excludes this consideration. In addition, horses with this cerebellar cortical abiotrophy lose their menace response. From birth, to a few months of age
gene: MUTAH gene
Based on a Study by Fisher et al., a) which were the most common neurological signs secondary to infection with Neospora caninum? b) most common neuroanaotmicla locliastion
c)Following treatment, what
was the relapse rate?
d) What was the complete improvement rate?
a) Cerebello-vestibular signs predominated; however, presenting clinical signs were varied and the neurolocalisation was often
b) multifocal in nature (46.3%), making neosporosis an important differential diagnosis for meningoencephalitis of unknown origin.
d) Complete clinical improvement was rare (5.6%),
c) and relapses were common (27.8% cases with follow-up).
Which plant may cause cerebellar cortical degenration in cattle (https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1090023309001531#fig2) ?
Solanum kwebense
What clinical signs may you see with a lesion to the rostral lobe of the cerebellum and why?
is especially inhibitory to the stretch reflex mechanism of antigravity muscles (extensor muscle tone). Lesions in this area may result in opisthotonus with rigidly extended thoracic limbs. In some instances, the pelvic limbs may be flexed cranially ventral to the trunk, by hypertonia of the hypaxial muscles that flex the hips. The combination of extended neck and thoracic limbs with flexed hips is called a decerebellate posture.
Name the breed affected by a specific hereditary ataxia deemed a form of spinocerebellar degeneration. How may these dogs present and what gene has been identified?
Jack/Parson Russell and Smooth Fox Terriers
The onset of the clinical signs varies from 2 to 9 months of age and usually starts in the pelvic limbs and progresses to the thoracic limbs. After several months of slow progression, the disease may become static. We have seen dogs 10 to 12 years old with these clinical signs unchanged since 1 to 2 years of age.
Mutation in KCNJ10 that encodes a glial potassium channel that regulates neuronal excitability.
Which 2 breeds have been described with cerebellar abiotrophy with degenerative lesions also in extrapyramidal nuclei? Which gene has been identified?
Kerry Blue Terrier and Chinese Crested breeds
Mutation has been identified in the SERACI gene for this disorder.
Name 3 breeds in which a late-onset cerebellar cortical abiotrophy has been recognized:
Name the genes for 2 of them.
Gordon Setter, Old English Sheepdog, American Staffordshire Terrier and Brittany Spaniel, Lab
Gordon setter-Old english: RAB24 gene
Embryological origin of cerebellum (with one word)
Rhombic lip (dorsal alar plate)
How is the cerebellum phylogenetically divided
Archicerebellum including the flocculonodular lobe concerned with vestibular activity. Paleocerebellum includes the rostral lobe of the vermis and adjacent
hemisphere, concerned with spinal cord function and postural tonus. The neocerebellum includes the vermis of the the caudal lobe, most of cerebellar hemispheres and is more concerned with regulation of skilled movement.
Clinical signs with fastigial nucleus ablation
Contralateral mydriasis, incomplete PLR and ipsilateral elevation of third eyelid
What happens with unilateral ablation of the interposital nucleus
Ipsilateral mydriasis, incomplete PLR, ipsilateral widening of palpebral fissure, contralateral elevation of the third eyelid
In which breeds cerebellar hypoplasia- lissencephaly complex was recorded, and which is the gene that predisposes?
Samoyed, Fox terrier, Irish setter. RELN gene (relin protein)
White Swiss Shepherd dogs (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/age.13336)
in which breed in calves the cerebellar cortical abiotrophy is reported?
Holsten breed, Hereford, Angus, Charolais
Causes of cerebellar abiotrophy in pigs?
Hog cholera, circavirus, swine fever cause hypomyelinogenesis. Cortical abiotrophy in Yorkshire pigs
Which major lysosomal storage disease can affect the cerebellum, and in which breed?
GM1 gangliosidosis deficiency of the degenerative enzyme beta-galactosidae. Portugese water dog. Vacuoles in the cytoplasm of neurons.
Ceroid lipofuscinosis in American Bulldog and Dachshund – inclusion of lipid peroxidase – genetic test NCL10.
Globoid cell leukodystrophy in Cairn Terrier.
When the external germinal layer dissaperas in calf, kitten and puppy?
calf-6m post birth
kitten-60-84d
puppy -75d
Which cerebellar peduncles have afferents and which effernts?
ROSTRAL the only to have efferents
caudal-medial have afferents
Which are the cerebellar afferents briefly?
1) GP (spinocerebellar tract CAUDAL>ROSTRAL, cuneocerebellar trat CAUDAL CP)
2) Special proprioception (vestibular) (CAUDAL CP) and is vesntibulocereblellar axons directly from vestibulochorlear nerve or indirectly from vest. nuclei (goes to folie of cerebellar vermis or paravermal)
3) SSA (visual/auditory) –tectocerebellar axons (ROSTRAL CP) –> head of vermis
and axons from auditory/visual cerebrocortex MIDDLE CP
4) UMN (red, pontine olivary n. aras) – complex
Lobules of vermis
Like Cats Catching dogs for the party up north
1) lingula
2) central lobule
3) culmen
4) decline
5) folium
6) tuber
7) pyramid
8) uvula
9) nodulus
Virual diseases causing cerebellar hypoplasia in dogs, cats and cattle?
dogs:
Parvo, herpes
cats: Panleukopenia/parvo
cattle: BVD
What is the Dandi-walker sndrome
paartial or complete absence of cerebellar vermis
Which are some breeds with early onset cerebellar abiotrophy in dogs?
scottish terrier
labs,samoyed
beagles
Degenerative encephaloathies including cerebellum that originate by plants in cattle and goat?
1) Solanum (cattle)
2) swainsona (a-manosidosis) cattle)
3) solanum (goat)
