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HISTOPATH > Dehydration, Clearing, Decalcification > Flashcards

Dehydration, Clearing, Decalcification Flashcards

1
Q

Removal of Ca+ ions or lime salts

A

Decalcification

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2
Q

Ratio of fluid to tissue

A

20:1

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3
Q

Optimal temperature for decalcification.

A

Room temp (18-30 deg. C)

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4
Q

Most common decalcifying agent?

A

5-10% Nitric Acid

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5
Q

Complete digestion of tissue with in 24-48hrs.

A

55 deg. C

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6
Q

Most rapid method of decalcification.

A

Electrophoresis (Electrical Ionization)

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7
Q

temp for nuclear w Van Gieson is impaired.

A

37 deg. C

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8
Q

Duration of Ion Exchange Resin

A

1-14 days

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9
Q

Specimen is placed in a container with the decalcifying acid with ammonium form of Polystrene Resin at the bottom of the container.

A

Ion exchange resin

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10
Q

Processing time in using chelating agents with small pcs of bone.

A

1-3 weeks

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11
Q

Processing time in use of chelating agents with large dense bone.

A

3-6 or 6-8 weeks

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12
Q

What is the most commonly used and fastest decalcifying agent?

A

Nitric Acid

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13
Q

Nitric acid imparts what color?

A

Yellow

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14
Q

Recommended only for minute pieces of bones.

A

Hydrochloric acid

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15
Q

Recommended for decalcifying cartilage, research specimens, autopsy specimen, bone marrow

A

Formic acid sodium citrate

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16
Q

Weak and slow decalcifying agent

A

TCA / Sulfurous acid

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17
Q

Also known as “Fleming’s Solution with Acetic Acid” that is not commonly used because it is considered as an environmental toxin. (highly corrosive on skin)

A

Chromic acid

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18
Q

Contains chloroform as preservative.

A

Citric Acid Citrate Buffer

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19
Q

T or F: Gentle agitation decrease rate of decalcification. Great access on the whole surface of the specimen can speed up rate of decalcification.

A

First statement is false. Second statement is True.

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20
Q

Not a reliable method for testing the completeness of decal. despite its easy process.

A

Physical or Mechanical Method

21
Q

Method of testing for the completeness of decalcification that can detect even small amount of calcium; most reliable. Opaqueness is observed.

A

X-ray or Radiologic method

22
Q

Carried out by adding Calcium Carbonate; presence of bubble is not yet complete. Also the easiest method.

A

Bubble test

23
Q

Used tissue softeners for Lendrums Method

A

4% Aqueous Phenol (for 1-3 days)

24
Q

Decalcification is not mandatory. Dehydration is a mandatory step in tissue processing.

A

Both statements are true.

25
Q

It is the Removal of intercellular and extracellular water from tissues.

A

Dehydration

26
Q

For hard tissues (e.g. nails and tendons), what is added to alcohol bath?

A

4% phenol

27
Q

Dehydrating agent that is most common and best used; readily available, and is fast acting and non-toxic. Miscible with water.

A

Ethanol / Ethyl Alcohol

28
Q

Suited only for blood and tissue smears. Not commonly used because it’s toxic; can cause blindness.

A

Methyl Alcohol

29
Q

Recommended for plant and animal microtechniques.

A

Butyl Alcohol

30
Q

Universal solvent; acts as dehydrating and clearing agent.

A

Tertiary Butyl Alcohol

31
Q

Excellent substitute for ethanol that is used for microwave technique. Used as xylene substitute in rapid automated tissue processing. Cannot be used in celloidin technique.

A

Isopropyl Alcohol (IPA)

32
Q

T or F: Pentanol (Amyl alcohol) is NOT miscible with water.

A

TRUE

33
Q

Used to diagnosed rabies/brain; urgent biopsies, because fast-acting. Can fix and dehydrate tissue.

A

Acetone

34
Q

Dehydrates and clear tissues, that is toxic when ingested or inhaled; has offensive odor and can cause skin and eye irritation.

A

Tetrahydrofuran (THF)

35
Q

Cellosolve. Combustible at 110-120 deg. F; toxic by ingestion, inhalation, and skin-contact.

A

Ethylene Glycol Monoethyl Ether

36
Q

Explodes upon exposure to air. Dehydrates and clear tissue; not commonly used. Finds to ribbon poorly.

A

Diethylene Dioxide (Dioxane)

37
Q

The removal of dehydrating agent from tissues.

A

Dealcoholization / Clearing

38
Q

T or F: Ethanol and wax are miscible with water. Wax cannot infiltrate the tissue if it still has ethanol.

A

Only the second statement is correct.

39
Q

Most common clearing agent but not suited for nervous tissues and lymph nodes. Clearing time is 15-30 mns.

A

Xylene (Xylol)

40
Q

Clearing agent that can cause Aplastic Anemia; highly flammable; suited for urgent biopsies. Clearing time is 15-60mns.

A

Benzene

41
Q

Can be used as a substitute for Xylene and Benzene; but not fast-acting compared to it. 1-2 hrs clearing time.

A

Toluene

42
Q

Recommended in clearing tough tissues, nervous tissues, lymph nodes, and embryos; but toxic to the liver. And does not make the tissue transparent.

A

Chloroform

43
Q

Recommended for clearing embryos, insects, and other delicate specimens.

A

Aniline oil

44
Q

Extremely slow clearing agent; 2-3 days.

A

Cedarwood oil

45
Q

Slow and weak clearing agent; tissues tend to become adulterated. Expensive.

A

Clove oil

46
Q

Similar properties with chloroform but cheaper.

A

Carbon Tetrachloride

47
Q

Used to clear eye specimens.

A

Terpineol

48
Q

Substitute for Xylene

A

N-butyl acetate

49
Q

natural oil obtained from citrus peels.

A

Limonene

HISTOPATH (3 decks)

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