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General Biology > deginitions from whole spec > Flashcards

deginitions from whole spec Flashcards

1
Q

define gene pool

A

total number of all the alleles in a population at one time

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2
Q

define population

A

all organisms of one species in a habitat at one time

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3
Q

what does p^2 represent in the hardy weinberg equation

A

homozygous dominant genotype

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4
Q

what does 2pq represent in the hardy weinberg equation

A

heterozygous genotype

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5
Q

what does q^2 represent in the hardy weinberg equation

A

homozygous recessive genotype

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6
Q

define the term species

A

a group of similar organisms which reproduce to produce fertile offspring

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7
Q

what type of bond is between adjacent nucelotides

A

phosphodiester bonds formed by a condensation reaction

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8
Q

define biomass

A

total mass of living material/ carbon is a specific organism/tissue/ area

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9
Q

explain what is meant by climax community

A

a stable community where there is no further succession

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10
Q

explain what is meant by succession

A

a change in community over time due to a change in either biotic/ abiotic factors

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11
Q

define hydrolysis

A

a reaction that breaks a chemical bond between 2 molecules and uses a water molecule

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12
Q

define a condensation reaction

A

a reaction that forms a chemical bond between 2 molecules and eliminates a water molecule

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13
Q

What is the difference between intermolecular forces and intramolecular forces

A

intermolecular forces act between molecules and intramolecular forces act within molecule

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14
Q

key theories for the mass flow hypothesis

A
  • active process which requires ATP
  • water moves in and out of the phloem by osmosis
  • pressure moves the sucrose solution
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15
Q

structures of xylem tissues

A
  • no end walls so water can flow continuously through
  • lignin walls to strengthen
  • no organelles so less obstruction for water flow
  • pores. in cellulose cell wall allowing lateral movement of water to adjacent leaf cells
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16
Q

How does light affect transpiration rate

A

stomata open when its light so CO2 diffuses in for photosynthesis. Faster transpiration rate
When its dark the stomata close so there is little transpiration

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17
Q

How does temperature affect transpiration

A

Higher temp= faster transpiration
Warmer water molecules have more energy so they evaporate from the cells inside the leaf faster.
Increases wp gradient inside and outside leaf.
Water diffuses out of the leaf faster

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18
Q

How does humidity affect transpiration

A

Lower humidity= higher transpiration
If air around plant is dry, water potential gradient between leaf and air is increased

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19
Q

adaptations of alveolar epithelium

A
  • many alveoli so large surface area
  • walls of alveoli one cell thick so short diffusion distance
  • walls of alveoli have flattened cells so short diffusion distance
  • alveoli close to capillaries so short diffusion distance
  • alveolar wall is permeable to gases s ventilation maintains diffusion gradient
  • alveolar wall is lined with fluid so gases are absorbed
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20
Q

adaptations of xerophytes

A
  • stomata in sunken pits so they are sheltered from the wind to reduce transpiration
  • less leaves, spines instead to reduce surface area
  • stomata only open at night to reduce transpiration
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21
Q

what is meant by the term diuresis

A

an increase in the production of urine by the kidney resulting in a large volume of dilute urine

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22
Q

what bonds are between RNA

A

phosphodiester bonds

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23
Q

what bonds are in a triglyceride

A

ester bonds

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24
Q

what kind of bonds are there in haemoglobin

A

peptide bonds

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25
Q

what kind of bonds are there in collagen

A

glycosidic

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26
Q

why do the electrons in electron microscopes allow for a high resolution

A

they have a shorter wavelength than light

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27
Q

what type of bonds forms between 2 monosaccharides

A

glycosidic bond

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28
Q

where are goblet cells found

A

ciliated epithelial lining

29
Q

which muscles are responsible for raising the rib cage during ventilation

A

the external intercostal muscles

30
Q

Which muscles are responsible for lowering the rib cage during forced exhalation?

A

the internal intercostal muscles

31
Q

What is the meaning of the term vital capacity?

A

The greatest volume of air that can be exhaled after the deepest possible inhalation.

32
Q

What is the meaning of the term tidal volume?

A

The amount of air that moves in and out of the lungs with each breath.

33
Q

What is the meaning of the term inspiratory reserve volume?

A

the additional volume of air that can be breathed in after normal inhalation

34
Q

what is the role of alpha cells in the pancreas

A

detect a decrease in blood glucose concentration and release glucagon

35
Q

what is the role of beta cells in the pancreas

A

detect an Increase in blood glucose concentration and release Insulin

36
Q

what is glycogenesis

A

when insulin activates an enzyme that converts glucose into glycogen

37
Q

what is glycogenolysis

A

when an enzyme converts glycogen into glucose

38
Q

what is gluconeogensis

A

when glucagon activates and enzyme that converts glycerol/ amino acids into glucose

39
Q

what is the role of the central vein in the liver

A

carries deoxygenated blood away from the lobule, into the haptic vein

40
Q

what hormones are secreted by the adrenal cortex

A

cortisol and aldosterone

41
Q

what hormones are secreted by the adrenal medulla

A
42
Q

which adrenal hormone is released in response to stress and helps regulate metabolism

A

cortisol

43
Q

Which adrenal hormone helps regulate blood pressure by controlling sodium and potassium concentration in the blood?

A

aldosterone

44
Q

Which part of the brain controls learning, memory and conscious thoughts?

A

cerebrum

45
Q

Which part of the brain controls unconscious actions including posture and balance?

A

cerebellum

46
Q

Which part of the brain controls breathing rate and heart rate?

A

medulla oblongata

47
Q

Structure of an amino acid

A
  • residual group
  • hydrogen
  • central carbon
  • carboxyl group (acid)
  • amine group
48
Q

structure of phospholipid

A
  • glycerol molecule
  • 2 fatty acud tailsnjoined by ester bonds
  • phosphate group
49
Q

Functions of triglycerides

A
  • energy source for respiration
  • respiratory substrate
  • energy storage
  • thermal insulation
  • electrical insulation
50
Q

how does more hydrogen atoms in a triglyceride affect the melting point

A

lowers the melting point because inncrease in hydrogen atoms means more double bonds which causes fatty acid to kink which causes less unifrom packing of molecules

51
Q

magnification of light microscope

A

up to x15,000

52
Q

magnification of light microscope

A

up to x15,000

53
Q

resolution of light microscope

A

50-200 nm

54
Q

scanning electron microscope magnification

A

up to 100,000

55
Q

resolution of scanning electron microscope

A

0.2nm

56
Q

transmission electron microscope magnification

A

up to 500,000

57
Q

transmission electron resolution

A

0.05- 1nm

58
Q

transmission electron resolution

A

0.05- 1nm

59
Q

carbohydrates chemical elements

A

C,H,O

60
Q

lipids chemical elements

A

C,H,O

61
Q

proteins chemical elements

A

C,H,O,N,S

62
Q

nucleic acids chemicsl elements

A

C,H,O,N,P

63
Q

structure of adult Hb

A

2 alpha Hb and 2 beta Hb

64
Q

structure of feotal Hb

A

2 alpha Hb and 2 Gamma Hb

65
Q

respiratory quotient of carbohydrates

A

1

66
Q

respiratory quotient of proteins

A

0.9

67
Q

respiratory quotient of lipids

A

0.7

68
Q

chemical defences of plants

A

tannins, alkaloids, and callose

General Biology (3 decks)

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