deginitions from whole spec Flashcards
define gene pool
total number of all the alleles in a population at one time
define population
all organisms of one species in a habitat at one time
what does p^2 represent in the hardy weinberg equation
homozygous dominant genotype
what does 2pq represent in the hardy weinberg equation
heterozygous genotype
what does q^2 represent in the hardy weinberg equation
homozygous recessive genotype
define the term species
a group of similar organisms which reproduce to produce fertile offspring
what type of bond is between adjacent nucelotides
phosphodiester bonds formed by a condensation reaction
define biomass
total mass of living material/ carbon is a specific organism/tissue/ area
explain what is meant by climax community
a stable community where there is no further succession
explain what is meant by succession
a change in community over time due to a change in either biotic/ abiotic factors
define hydrolysis
a reaction that breaks a chemical bond between 2 molecules and uses a water molecule
define a condensation reaction
a reaction that forms a chemical bond between 2 molecules and eliminates a water molecule
What is the difference between intermolecular forces and intramolecular forces
intermolecular forces act between molecules and intramolecular forces act within molecule
key theories for the mass flow hypothesis
- active process which requires ATP
- water moves in and out of the phloem by osmosis
- pressure moves the sucrose solution
structures of xylem tissues
- no end walls so water can flow continuously through
- lignin walls to strengthen
- no organelles so less obstruction for water flow
- pores. in cellulose cell wall allowing lateral movement of water to adjacent leaf cells
How does light affect transpiration rate
stomata open when its light so CO2 diffuses in for photosynthesis. Faster transpiration rate
When its dark the stomata close so there is little transpiration
How does temperature affect transpiration
Higher temp= faster transpiration
Warmer water molecules have more energy so they evaporate from the cells inside the leaf faster.
Increases wp gradient inside and outside leaf.
Water diffuses out of the leaf faster
How does humidity affect transpiration
Lower humidity= higher transpiration
If air around plant is dry, water potential gradient between leaf and air is increased
adaptations of alveolar epithelium
- many alveoli so large surface area
- walls of alveoli one cell thick so short diffusion distance
- walls of alveoli have flattened cells so short diffusion distance
- alveoli close to capillaries so short diffusion distance
- alveolar wall is permeable to gases s ventilation maintains diffusion gradient
- alveolar wall is lined with fluid so gases are absorbed
adaptations of xerophytes
- stomata in sunken pits so they are sheltered from the wind to reduce transpiration
- less leaves, spines instead to reduce surface area
- stomata only open at night to reduce transpiration
what is meant by the term diuresis
an increase in the production of urine by the kidney resulting in a large volume of dilute urine
what bonds are between RNA
phosphodiester bonds
what bonds are in a triglyceride
ester bonds
what kind of bonds are there in haemoglobin
peptide bonds
what kind of bonds are there in collagen
glycosidic
why do the electrons in electron microscopes allow for a high resolution
they have a shorter wavelength than light
what type of bonds forms between 2 monosaccharides
glycosidic bond
where are goblet cells found
ciliated epithelial lining
which muscles are responsible for raising the rib cage during ventilation
the external intercostal muscles
Which muscles are responsible for lowering the rib cage during forced exhalation?
the internal intercostal muscles
What is the meaning of the term vital capacity?
The greatest volume of air that can be exhaled after the deepest possible inhalation.
What is the meaning of the term tidal volume?
The amount of air that moves in and out of the lungs with each breath.
What is the meaning of the term inspiratory reserve volume?
the additional volume of air that can be breathed in after normal inhalation
what is the role of alpha cells in the pancreas
detect a decrease in blood glucose concentration and release glucagon
what is the role of beta cells in the pancreas
detect an Increase in blood glucose concentration and release Insulin
what is glycogenesis
when insulin activates an enzyme that converts glucose into glycogen
what is glycogenolysis
when an enzyme converts glycogen into glucose
what is gluconeogensis
when glucagon activates and enzyme that converts glycerol/ amino acids into glucose
what is the role of the central vein in the liver
carries deoxygenated blood away from the lobule, into the haptic vein
what hormones are secreted by the adrenal cortex
cortisol and aldosterone
what hormones are secreted by the adrenal medulla
which adrenal hormone is released in response to stress and helps regulate metabolism
cortisol
Which adrenal hormone helps regulate blood pressure by controlling sodium and potassium concentration in the blood?
aldosterone
Which part of the brain controls learning, memory and conscious thoughts?
cerebrum
Which part of the brain controls unconscious actions including posture and balance?
cerebellum
Which part of the brain controls breathing rate and heart rate?
medulla oblongata
Structure of an amino acid
- residual group
- hydrogen
- central carbon
- carboxyl group (acid)
- amine group
structure of phospholipid
- glycerol molecule
- 2 fatty acud tailsnjoined by ester bonds
- phosphate group
Functions of triglycerides
- energy source for respiration
- respiratory substrate
- energy storage
- thermal insulation
- electrical insulation
how does more hydrogen atoms in a triglyceride affect the melting point
lowers the melting point because inncrease in hydrogen atoms means more double bonds which causes fatty acid to kink which causes less unifrom packing of molecules
magnification of light microscope
up to x15,000
magnification of light microscope
up to x15,000
resolution of light microscope
50-200 nm
scanning electron microscope magnification
up to 100,000
resolution of scanning electron microscope
0.2nm
transmission electron microscope magnification
up to 500,000
transmission electron resolution
0.05- 1nm
transmission electron resolution
0.05- 1nm
carbohydrates chemical elements
C,H,O
lipids chemical elements
C,H,O
proteins chemical elements
C,H,O,N,S
nucleic acids chemicsl elements
C,H,O,N,P
structure of adult Hb
2 alpha Hb and 2 beta Hb
structure of feotal Hb
2 alpha Hb and 2 Gamma Hb
respiratory quotient of carbohydrates
1
respiratory quotient of proteins
0.9
respiratory quotient of lipids
0.7
chemical defences of plants
tannins, alkaloids, and callose
